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1 | (32) |
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1.1 Evolutionary Medicine and "Evolutionary Gerontology and Geriatrics" |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
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1.3 Aging in Natural Observation |
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4 | (4) |
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1.4 A Short History of Aging Theories |
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8 | (25) |
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1.4.1 The Conception of Aging Up to Nineteenth Century |
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8 | (2) |
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1.4.2 Aging Theories in the Nineteenth Century and the First Half of the Twentieth Century |
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10 | (6) |
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1.4.3 Aging Theories from the Second Half of the Twentieth Century to Today |
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16 | (8) |
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1.4.4 Classification of Aging Theories |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (8) |
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2 Evolution and Phenoptosis |
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33 | (36) |
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2.1 Darwinian Definition of Natural Selection |
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33 | (1) |
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2.2 Supra-Individual Selection |
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34 | (3) |
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2.3 Definition of Phenoptosis |
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37 | (1) |
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2.4 Examples of Phenoptosis and Its Wide Diffusion |
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38 | (12) |
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2.4.1 (A) Obligatory and Rapid Phenoptosis |
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38 | (3) |
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2.4.2 (B) Obligatory and Slow Phenoptosis |
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41 | (2) |
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2.4.3 (C) Optional Phenoptosis |
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43 | (5) |
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2.4.4 (D) Indirect Phenoptosis |
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48 | (2) |
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2.5 Phenoptotic Phenomena in our Species |
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50 | (1) |
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2.6 Life Tables and Phenoptosis |
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51 | (18) |
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62 | (7) |
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69 | (52) |
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3.1 Definition of Evolutionary Medicine |
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69 | (1) |
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3.2 A Brief History of Evolutionary Medicine |
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69 | (10) |
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3.3 The Concept of Normality in Evolutionary Medicine |
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79 | (5) |
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3.4 The Concept of Mismatch in Evolutionary Medicine |
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84 | (1) |
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3.5 Diseases Caused by Mismatches |
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84 | (1) |
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3.6 Diseases Caused by Alterations of the Genotype |
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85 | (6) |
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3.7 The Concept of Holobiont |
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91 | (1) |
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3.8 Immune Disorders in the Interpretation of Evolutionary Medicine |
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92 | (14) |
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3.8.1 The Current "Epidemic" of Allergic Diseases |
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92 | (1) |
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3.8.2 The Current "Epidemic" of Autoimmune Diseases |
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93 | (4) |
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3.8.3 Causes of the Epidemic of Immune Disorders |
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97 | (9) |
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3.9 Non-evolutionary Classification of Diseases |
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106 | (1) |
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3.10 Evolutionary Classification of Diseases |
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107 | (4) |
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3.11 Meaning and Aims of Evolutionary Medicine |
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111 | (10) |
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114 | (7) |
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4 The Comparison Between the Two Paradigms |
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121 | (58) |
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121 | (1) |
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4.2 The Paradigm of Aging as a Non-adaptive Phenomenon |
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122 | (3) |
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4.3 The Paradigm of Aging as an Adaptive Phenomenon |
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125 | (4) |
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4.4 Arguments and Evidence in Support or Against the Theories Pertaining to the Two Paradigms |
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129 | (22) |
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4.4.1 Absence of Unlikely Postulates |
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129 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Non-universality of Aging |
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131 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Variation of Aging Rhythms in the Comparison among Species |
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132 | (3) |
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4.4.4 Consideration of Supra-Individual Natural Selection and Phenoptotic Phenomena |
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135 | (1) |
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4.4.5 Effects of Caloric Restriction on Lifespan |
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135 | (1) |
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4.4.6 Existence of Age-Related Increasing Mortality in the Wild |
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136 | (3) |
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4.4.7 In the Comparison Among Species, the Inverse Relation Between Extrinsic Mortality and the Proportion of Deaths Due to Intrinsic Mortality |
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139 | (3) |
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4.4.8 Impossibility of Explaining Age-Related Fitness Decline as a Consequence of Genes that Are Harmful at a Certain Age |
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142 | (3) |
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4.4.9 Age-Related Progressive Decline of Cell Turnover Capacities |
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145 | (2) |
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4.4.10 Cell Senescence Program |
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147 | (1) |
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4.4.11 Gradual Cell Senescence |
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148 | (1) |
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4.4.12 General Evaluation of the Arguments Mentioned earlier |
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149 | (2) |
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4.5 Aging as an Accelerating Factor of Evolution Theory |
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151 | (2) |
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4.6 Kin Selection Aging Theory |
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153 | (26) |
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154 | (1) |
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4.6.2 The Evolutionary Advantage of a Shorter ML |
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155 | (2) |
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4.6.3 Effects of IMICAW on ML |
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157 | (1) |
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4.6.4 Evolutionary Steadiness of a Gene Causing IMICAW |
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158 | (5) |
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4.6.5 The Preliminary Conditions |
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163 | (1) |
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4.6.6 Two Possible Objections |
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164 | (1) |
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4.6.7 The Methuselah Effect |
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164 | (4) |
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4.6.8 IMICAW, IMICAC, and t-genes |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (10) |
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5 Subtelomere-Telomere Aging Theory |
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179 | (62) |
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5.1 Description of the Subtelomere-Telomere Theory |
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179 | (20) |
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5.1.1 Limits in Cell Duplication Capacities |
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180 | (4) |
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5.1.2 Probabilistic Relation Between Telomere Shortening and Replicative Senescence |
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184 | (1) |
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5.1.3 Suggestions from the Yeast |
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185 | (4) |
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5.1.4 Gradual Cell Senescence and Cell Senescence |
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189 | (5) |
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5.1.5 Absence of Relation Between Longevity and Telomere Initial Length |
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194 | (5) |
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5.2 Metabolic Changes in Aging Cells |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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5.4 Limits in Cell Duplication Capacities and Other Effects of the Telomere-Subtelomere-Telomerase System Explained as a General Defense Against Cancer |
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201 | (6) |
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207 | (3) |
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5.6 The Telomerase Enzyme |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (5) |
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5.8 The Heterochromatin Hood Over the Telomere |
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217 | (24) |
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225 | (16) |
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6 Aging in the Human Species |
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241 | (50) |
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6.1 Alterations Consequent to the Actions of the Telomere-Subtelomere-Telomerase System |
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241 | (17) |
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6.1.1 Alterations of Cellular Metabolism |
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241 | (2) |
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6.1.2 Alterations of Cell Turnover |
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243 | (15) |
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258 | (13) |
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258 | (3) |
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261 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Olfactory Receptor Cells |
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262 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Other Peripheral Sensory Neuronal Cells (Excluding Olfactory Receptor Cells) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (2) |
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6.2.7 Gastrointestinal System |
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265 | (1) |
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6.2.8 Orofacial Tissues and Organs |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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6.2.11 Pancreatic p-cells |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (1) |
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6.2.14 Hematopoietic Cells and Bone Marrow |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (2) |
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6.3.1 Photoreceptor Cells |
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272 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Neurons of the Central Nervous System |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (18) |
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276 | (15) |
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7 The Elderly Subjects and Their Troubles |
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291 | (60) |
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7.1 Evolutionary Classification of the Troubles of the Elderly |
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291 | (3) |
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7.2 Age-Related Fitness Decline |
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294 | (3) |
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7.3 Diseases Due to Genetic Alterations |
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297 | (2) |
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7.4 Diseases Due to Genetic Alterations That Cause Aging-Like Syndromes |
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299 | (7) |
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7.5 Diseases Deriving from `Extremes' of the Ecological Niche and Relations with Other Living Beings |
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306 | (3) |
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7.6 Diseases Caused by Mismatches |
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309 | (4) |
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7.7 Diseases Caused by Mismatches That Speed Up Physiological Aging |
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313 | (9) |
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7.8 Weight of Physiological Aging |
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322 | (29) |
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326 | (25) |
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8 Prevention and Treatment of the Troubles of the Elderly |
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351 | (50) |
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8.1 Rationality of the Evolutionary Approach |
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351 | (1) |
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8.2 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases Identical or Similar at Any Age |
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352 | (1) |
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8.3 Acceleration of Aging: Prevention and Treatment |
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353 | (4) |
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8.4 Treatment of Physiological Aging |
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357 | (22) |
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8.4.1 Telomerase Activation |
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358 | (3) |
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8.4.2 Elimination of Senescent Cells |
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361 | (5) |
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8.4.3 Anti-aging Substances and Methods |
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366 | (7) |
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8.4.4 Genetic Modifications |
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373 | (4) |
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377 | (2) |
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8.5 Current Geriatrics and Society |
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379 | (1) |
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8.6 Future Geriatrics and Society |
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380 | (3) |
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383 | (18) |
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401 | |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (6) |
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407 | (5) |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | |