Preface |
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ix | |
Contributors |
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xi | |
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Fatty Acid Classification and Nomenclature |
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1 | (16) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (3) |
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6 | (5) |
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11 | (3) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (3) |
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14 | (3) |
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Chemical and Physical Properties of Fatty Acids |
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17 | (30) |
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17 | (1) |
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Reactivity of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (4) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (4) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Melting and Crystallization |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Solubility and Interfacial Properties |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Smoke, Flash, and Fire Points |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (5) |
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42 | (5) |
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Application of Gas-Liquid Chromatography to Lipid Separation and Analysis: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis |
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47 | (20) |
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Isolation and Analysis of Fatty Acids |
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47 | (1) |
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Drawbacks of Sample Abuse |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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Total Fatty Acid Recovery |
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51 | (1) |
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Analysis of Fatty Acids by Gas-Liquid Chromatography |
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51 | (1) |
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Operations---Identification and Quantification |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (8) |
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62 | (5) |
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Isotopic Methods for Assessing Lipid Metabolism |
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67 | (20) |
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67 | (2) |
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Compartments and Pathways |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (7) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (2) |
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Practical Applications of Tracers in Lipid Metabolism |
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76 | (2) |
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Flux Ratios Determined in Isotopic and Metabolic Steady State |
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76 | (1) |
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Flux Rates Relative to Pool Size: Metabolic Steady State with Isotope Filling Pools |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Estimating De Novo Biosynthesis of Lipids |
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78 | (2) |
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Deuterium Incorporation Approach |
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78 | (2) |
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Methods for Detecting 13C Atoms Rather than Molecules |
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80 | (2) |
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Gas Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry |
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81 | (1) |
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Gas Chromatography Combustion Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (5) |
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Mass Spectrometry as a Key to New Lipid Methodologies |
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82 | (1) |
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Isotopic Flux Studies as a Tool in the Genomics Era |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (3) |
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Fatty Acids in Meat and Meat Products |
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87 | (22) |
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87 | (1) |
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Types of Fatty Acids in Meat |
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88 | (2) |
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Measurement of Fatty Acid Composition |
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90 | (1) |
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Meat Fatty Acids and Human Health |
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91 | (1) |
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Species Effects on Fatty Acid Composition |
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92 | (1) |
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Diet Effects on Fatty Acid Composition |
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93 | (6) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (3) |
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97 | (2) |
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Genetic Effects on Meat Fatty Acid Composition |
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99 | (2) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (1) |
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Fatty Acid Composition of Different Muscles, Tissues, and Meat Products |
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101 | (1) |
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Effects of Fatty Acids on Meat Quality |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (4) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (3) |
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109 | (18) |
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109 | (1) |
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Analysis of Milk Fatty Acids |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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Variability of Milk Fat Composition |
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113 | (7) |
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Animal Effects on Milk Fat Composition |
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114 | (1) |
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Seasonal (Feed) Influence on Fatty Acid Composition |
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114 | (1) |
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Effects of Feeding Fat to the Cow on Milk Fat Composition |
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115 | (4) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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Fatty Acid Composition of Other Dairy Products |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (2) |
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Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Other FA with Biological Effects |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (5) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (5) |
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Fatty Acids in Poultry and Egg Products |
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127 | (28) |
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Fatty Acid Composition of Poultry Meats |
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127 | (13) |
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Fatty Acid Composition of Chicken Muscle |
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127 | (2) |
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Fatty Acid Composition of Turkey Muscle |
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129 | (1) |
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Fatty Acid Composition of Duck, Goose, and Other Game Birds |
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129 | (2) |
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Fatty Acid Composition of Cooked Poultry Muscle |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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Separable Fat and Mechanically Deboned Muscle |
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134 | (1) |
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Processed Poultry Products |
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135 | (1) |
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Influence of the Fatty Acid Composition of Feeds on the Fatty Acid Composition of Chicken |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (2) |
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Fatty Acid Composition of Eggs and Egg Products |
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140 | (12) |
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Fatty Acid Composition of Chicken Eggs |
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140 | (5) |
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Fatty Acid Composition of Cooked Eggs |
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145 | (1) |
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Fatty Acid Composition of Dried Whole Eggs |
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145 | (1) |
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Fatty Acid Composition of Raw Whole Eggs of Several Avian Species |
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145 | (2) |
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Fatty Acid Composition of Egg Substitutes |
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147 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting the Fatty Acid Composition of Eggs |
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148 | (1) |
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Influence of the Hen's Diet on Fatty Acid Composition of Egg Yolks |
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149 | (3) |
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152 | (3) |
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152 | (3) |
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Fatty Acids in Fish and Shellfish |
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155 | (32) |
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155 | (1) |
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Why There Are So Many Fish Fatty Acid Compositions |
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155 | (9) |
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156 | (5) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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Australasia and the Tropics |
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163 | (1) |
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Oily Fish and Health Considerations |
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164 | (8) |
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172 | (15) |
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Health |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (2) |
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Short-Chain or Long-Chain |
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177 | (1) |
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Alternate Sources and Delivery Systems |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (7) |
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Fatty Acids in Vegetables and Vegetable Products |
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187 | (40) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (7) |
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Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) |
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189 | (1) |
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Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) |
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190 | (3) |
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193 | (2) |
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Eggplant (Solanum melongena) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (7) |
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Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) |
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195 | (6) |
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Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea cv. Botrytis) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (7) |
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Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) |
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202 | (4) |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (3) |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (1) |
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Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) |
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212 | (2) |
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Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) |
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214 | (5) |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (1) |
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Cassava (Manihot esculenta) |
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221 | (1) |
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Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) |
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221 | (6) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (6) |
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Fatty Acids in Oilseeds (Vegetable Oils) |
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227 | (36) |
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227 | (3) |
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Canola Oil (Low-Erucic-Acid Rapeseed Oil with Low Glucosinolates) |
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230 | (3) |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (1) |
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Palm, Palm Kernel, and Coconut Oils |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (2) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (3) |
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250 | (13) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (11) |
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Fatty Acids in Fruits and Fruit Products |
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263 | (40) |
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263 | (2) |
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Fatty Acid Composition of Fruit Mesocarp |
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265 | (3) |
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Fatty Acid Composition of Fruit Kernels and Seeds |
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268 | (6) |
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274 | (4) |
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278 | (2) |
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Butters from Plant Sources |
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280 | (2) |
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Lesser Known Fruits and Fruit Products |
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282 | (6) |
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288 | (3) |
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291 | (12) |
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292 | (6) |
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298 | (5) |
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Fatty Acids in Food Cereal Grains and Grain Products |
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303 | (14) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (11) |
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306 | (2) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (3) |
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Fatty Acids in Fermented Food Products |
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317 | (18) |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (14) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (3) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (3) |
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332 | (3) |
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Fatty Acid Content of Convenience Foods |
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335 | (42) |
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376 | (1) |
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Trans-Fatty Acids in Foods |
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377 | (62) |
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Margaret C. Craig-Schmidt |
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377 | (1) |
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Forms and Sources of Dietary Isomeric Fatty Acids |
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378 | (2) |
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Forms of Dietary Isomeric Fatty Acids |
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378 | (1) |
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Sources of Dietary Isomeric Fatty Acids |
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379 | (1) |
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Positional Isomers of Fatty Acids in Food |
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380 | (1) |
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Trans-Isomers of Fatty Acids in Foods |
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381 | (31) |
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Trans-Isomers of Fatty Acids in Dairy Products, Meats, and Animal Fats |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (2) |
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386 | (5) |
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391 | (1) |
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Trans-Isomers of Fatty Acids in Margarines, Shortening, and Vegetable Oils |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (6) |
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398 | (5) |
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403 | (2) |
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Salad Dressings, Mayonnaise, Soups, and Sauces |
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405 | (1) |
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Trans-Isomers of Fatty Acids in Fast Foods and Processed Foods |
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405 | (2) |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (5) |
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Trans-Isomers of Fatty Acids in Human Milk and Infant Foods |
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412 | (1) |
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Estimates of Isomeric Fatty Acids in the Diet |
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412 | (16) |
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Analysis of Composite Diets |
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420 | (3) |
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Analysis of Dietary Records Using Food Composition Data |
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423 | (1) |
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Estimates Based on Trans-Fatty Acid Content of Biological Tissues |
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424 | (1) |
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Estimates Based on ``Disappearance'' Data |
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425 | (2) |
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Consumption of Positional Isomers |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (11) |
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429 | (1) |
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429 | (10) |
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Genetic Alteration of Food Fats and Oils |
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439 | (22) |
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Reasons for Alteration of Fat and Oil Composition |
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439 | (2) |
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The Means of Changing Plant Oil Composition |
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441 | (1) |
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Barriers to Changing Plant Oil Composition |
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442 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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Constraints on the Composition of Plant Fats and Oils |
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443 | (4) |
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Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition in Various Plant Species |
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447 | (5) |
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449 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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Glyceride Structure Variation |
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452 | (9) |
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454 | (7) |
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Fat-Based Fat Substitutes |
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461 | (12) |
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461 | (1) |
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Zero- and Reduced-Calorie Fat-Based Fat Substitutes |
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462 | (4) |
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462 | (2) |
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Polyol or Carbohydrate Fatty Acid Polyesters |
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464 | (1) |
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Alkyl Glycosides Fatty Acid Polyesters |
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465 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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Dialkyl Dihexadecylmolonate |
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465 | (1) |
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Esterified Propoxylated Glycerol |
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466 | (1) |
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Polycarboxylic Acid Compounds |
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466 | (1) |
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466 | (1) |
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Sucrose Fatty Acid Esters |
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466 | (1) |
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466 | (1) |
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467 | (2) |
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468 | (1) |
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468 | (1) |
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468 | (1) |
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Medium-Chain Triacylglycerols |
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469 | (1) |
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469 | (4) |
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470 | (3) |
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Commercial Applications of Fats in Foods |
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473 | (20) |
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473 | (1) |
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Triacylglycerols---Production and Composition |
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474 | (3) |
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Functionality Provided by Solid Fats |
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477 | (2) |
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479 | (1) |
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Triacylglycerol Substitutes |
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480 | (6) |
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481 | (1) |
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482 | (1) |
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Triacylglycerols with Specific Structures |
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483 | (1) |
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Medium-Chain Triacylglycerols and Structured Lipids |
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483 | (2) |
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485 | (1) |
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Functional Fatty Acid Derivatives |
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486 | (4) |
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Fatty Acid Derivatives Providing Textural Benefits |
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486 | (2) |
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Fatty Acid Derivatives Providing Metabolic Benefits |
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488 | (1) |
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488 | (2) |
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490 | (1) |
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Fatty Acids from Single Cell Organisms |
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490 | (1) |
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490 | (3) |
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490 | (3) |
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Effects of Processing and Storage on Fatty Acids in Edible Oils |
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493 | (18) |
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494 | (1) |
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Effects of Processing on Fatty Acids |
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494 | (8) |
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495 | (1) |
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Seed Selection and Cleaning |
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495 | (1) |
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Drying and Storage of Raw Materials |
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495 | (1) |
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Dehulling and Grinding, Rolling, or Flaking |
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495 | (1) |
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496 | (1) |
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496 | (1) |
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497 | (1) |
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497 | (1) |
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498 | (1) |
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499 | (1) |
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499 | (1) |
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499 | (2) |
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501 | (1) |
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501 | (1) |
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501 | (1) |
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501 | (1) |
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501 | (1) |
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501 | (1) |
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501 | (1) |
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502 | (1) |
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502 | (1) |
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Effects of Storage on Fatty Acids |
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502 | (1) |
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Undesirable Changes in Fatty Acids that Occur during Processing and Storage |
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503 | (2) |
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503 | (1) |
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503 | (1) |
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504 | (1) |
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505 | (1) |
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505 | (1) |
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Antioxidants and Metal Chelators in Fat and Oil Processing |
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505 | (1) |
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506 | (5) |
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507 | (4) |
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Effect of Heating and Frying on Oil and Food Fatty Acids |
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511 | (34) |
|
Francisco J. Sanchez-Muniz |
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511 | (2) |
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General Changes in Oils and Fats Due to Heating and Frying |
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513 | (3) |
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Chemical Changes in Fatty Acids Due to Heating and Frying |
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516 | (13) |
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Total Changes in the Oils and Fats: Polar Compounds |
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516 | (3) |
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Total Changes in Fatty Acids |
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519 | (1) |
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519 | (1) |
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520 | (1) |
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521 | (1) |
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Modified Fatty Acid Monomers |
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521 | (6) |
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527 | (1) |
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527 | (1) |
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528 | (1) |
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528 | (1) |
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Fat and Oil Transfer during Frying |
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529 | (6) |
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531 | (1) |
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Fat Interchange during Deep Frying of Fatty Foods |
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532 | (1) |
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532 | (1) |
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533 | (1) |
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Food Matrix-Cooking Oil/Fat Interaction |
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534 | (1) |
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535 | (10) |
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535 | (1) |
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535 | (10) |
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Consumption of Fatty Acids |
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545 | (16) |
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|
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545 | (1) |
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Nationwide Dietary Intake Surveys |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
Intake of Total Fat and Fatty Acids in the United States |
|
|
547 | (11) |
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547 | (1) |
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Mean Energy Intake from Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats |
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|
548 | (1) |
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Percentage of Energy Intake from Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats |
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549 | (1) |
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Percentage of Energy Intake from Total Fats |
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549 | (2) |
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Percentage of Energy Intake from Saturated Fats |
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551 | (1) |
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Percentage of Energy Intake from Unsaturated Fats |
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|
551 | (1) |
|
Percentage of Energy Intake from Total, Saturated, Monounsaturated, and Polyunsaturated Fats, and Alcohol |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
Energy Intake from Protein, Total Fat, and Saturated, Monounsaturated, and Polyunsaturated Fats, and Cholesterol |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Percentage of Energy Intake from Snack Foods |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Mean Intake of Major Fatty Acids |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
Mean Percentage of Fatty Acid Intake |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Mean Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Mean Fatty Acid Intake from Major Food Sources by Male Subjects |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Mean Fatty Acid Intake from Major Food Sources by Female Subjects |
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
|
558 | (3) |
|
|
558 | (3) |
|
Absorption and Transport of Dietary Lipid |
|
|
561 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
The Nature and Function of Dietary Lipid |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
Digestion and Absorption of Lipid |
|
|
562 | (3) |
|
Digestion in the Intestine |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
Absorption of the Products of Digestion |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
Metabolism of Absorbed Lipid in the Enterocyte |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
Assembly of Triacylglycerol-Rich Lipoproteins |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
Absorption of Short-Chain Fatty Acids |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Transport of Lipid on Lipoproteins |
|
|
565 | (12) |
|
Structure of Lipoproteins |
|
|
565 | (2) |
|
Synthesis of Lipoproteins |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
568 | (2) |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
Receptor-Mediated Uptake of Lipoproteins |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
Chylomicron Remnant Receptors (E) |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
Receptor-Independent Uptake of LDL |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
``Scavenger'' or Acetyl LDL Receptor |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Reverse Cholesterol Transport |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
Utilization of Cholesterol |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Effect of Dietary Lipid on Lipoprotein Cholesterol |
|
|
577 | (2) |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
Dietary Fatty Acid Composition |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
Triacylglycerol Structure |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Possible Mechanisms of the Hypocholesterolemic Effects of Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid |
|
|
579 | (12) |
|
Effects on Cholesterol Metabolism |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Reduced Absorption of Cholesterol |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Redistribution of Cholesterol to Tissues |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Increased Excretion of Cholesterol and Bile Acids |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Reduced Synthesis of Cholesterol |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
Enhanced Activity of LCAT |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
Effects of Lipoprotein Metabolism |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
Reduction in Rate of Synthesis of VLDL and LDL |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
Increase in FCR and Changes in Fluidity of Lipoproteins and/or Their Receptors |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
Change in Size of Lipoprotein Particles |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
Modification of Apolipoproteins |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
583 | (8) |
|
The Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Lipid Metabolism |
|
|
591 | (40) |
|
|
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
Characteristics of Dietary Fatty Acids |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
595 | (7) |
|
|
595 | (3) |
|
|
598 | (4) |
|
Physiological Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids |
|
|
602 | (8) |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Circulating Lipoproteins, Lipids, and Cholesterol |
|
|
603 | (5) |
|
Conversion to Eicosanoids |
|
|
608 | (2) |
|
|
610 | (21) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
611 | (20) |
|
Dietary Fatty Acids and Minerals |
|
|
631 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Mineral Bioavailability and Utilization |
|
|
632 | (13) |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
632 | (3) |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms for Dietary Fat-Induced Alterations in Calcium Absorption and Utilization |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms for Dietary Fat-Induced Alterations in Copper and Zinc Absorption and Utilization |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
641 | (2) |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms for Dietary Fat-Induced Alterations in Iron Absorption and Utilization |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
Directions for Future Research |
|
|
646 | (5) |
|
|
646 | (5) |
|
Interaction of Dietary Fatty Acids, Carbohydrates, and Lipids on Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
|
651 | (24) |
|
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
General Physiological Interactions |
|
|
652 | (4) |
|
Dietary Carbohydrate, Blood Lipids, and Lipoproteins |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Thermogenesis and Energy Utilization |
|
|
653 | (2) |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Control of Hepatic Enzyme Activity and Lipogenesis by Dietary Fat |
|
|
656 | (9) |
|
Source of NADPH and Its Influence on Metabolism |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
Regulation of the Fatty Acid Synthetase Complex by Dietary Lipid |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
Regulation of G6PDH by Dietary Lipid |
|
|
656 | (8) |
|
Regulation of Malic Enzyme by Dietary Lipid |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
665 | (10) |
|
|
666 | (9) |
|
Reappraisal of the Essential Fatty Acids |
|
|
675 | (18) |
|
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
675 | (4) |
|
Linoleic Acid Requirement |
|
|
675 | (2) |
|
Linolenic Acid Requirement |
|
|
677 | (2) |
|
Metabolic Fates of Linoleic and Linolenic Acids |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
|
680 | (2) |
|
|
682 | (11) |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
|
683 | (10) |
|
Fatty Acids and Membrane Function |
|
|
693 | (20) |
|
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
Membrane Lipid Composition and Structure |
|
|
693 | (8) |
|
|
693 | (3) |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
Disease Effects on Membrane Lipids |
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
Diet Effects on Membrane Fatty Acids |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
Hormones and Their Effects on Membrane Lipids |
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
Age Effects on Membrane Lipids |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
701 | (7) |
|
|
708 | (5) |
|
|
708 | (5) |
|
Dietary Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids |
|
|
713 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
Dietary PUFAs as a Source of Essential Fatty Acids |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
Dietary Essential Fatty Acids as Precursors of Eicosanoids |
|
|
714 | (3) |
|
Physiological Actions of Eicosanoids |
|
|
717 | (2) |
|
Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Eicosanoid Biosynthesis |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
Modulation of Eicosanoid Biosynthesis by Different Dietary Fatty Acids |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
Incorporation of n-3 Fatty Acids into Food Systems |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
Dietary γ-Linolenic Acid (18:3n-6) |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
Dietary Trans Fatty Acids |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
|
723 | (4) |
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
723 | (4) |
|
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Regulation of Gene Expression |
|
|
727 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
Site-Specific Gene Regulation by PUFAs |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
Nuclear Receptors and Transcription Factors |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-4α |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
|
734 | (7) |
|
|
735 | (6) |
|
Fatty Acids, Lipids, and Cellular Signaling |
|
|
741 | (16) |
|
|
|
741 | (3) |
|
Phospholipases and Fatty Acid Modulation |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
Fatty Acids and Phospholipase Modulation |
|
|
745 | (4) |
|
|
745 | (2) |
|
|
747 | (2) |
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
Platelet-Activating Factor and LPA |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
Other Fatty Acid Signaling Mechanisms |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
Involvement in Ion Channel Regulation |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
|
751 | (6) |
|
|
751 | (6) |
|
Safety and Health Effects of Trans Fatty Acids |
|
|
757 | (34) |
|
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
Occurrence of Trans Fatty Acids in the U.S. Food Supply |
|
|
758 | (2) |
|
Human Studies Relating Dietary Trans Fatty Acids to Risk of Coronary Heart Disease |
|
|
760 | (15) |
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
Reviews of Studies Reported Prior to 1990 |
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
Reviews of Studies Reported Since 1990 |
|
|
760 | (2) |
|
Human Trials Reporting Changes in Blood Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels with Dietary Trans Fatty Acids |
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
|
762 | (5) |
|
Collective Consideration of Human Trials |
|
|
767 | (4) |
|
Studies on Clotting Tendency, Blood Pressure, and LDL Oxidation |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
Epidemiologic and Case-Control Studies |
|
|
771 | (3) |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
Studies Relating Dietary Trans Fatty Acids to Cancer, Maternal and Child Health, Type 2 Diabetes, and Macular Degeneration |
|
|
775 | (4) |
|
Trans Fatty Acids in Relation to Cancer |
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
Trans Fatty Acids in Relation to Maternal and Child Health |
|
|
776 | (1) |
|
Trans Fatty Acids in Relation to Type 2 Diabetes |
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
Trans Fatty Acids in Relation to Macular Degeneration |
|
|
778 | (1) |
|
Dietary Recommendations Regarding Saturated and Trans Fatty Acids |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
Alternatives for Replacing or Reducing Trans Fatty Acids in Foods |
|
|
780 | (4) |
|
Modification of the Hydrogenation Process |
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
Use of Interesterification |
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
Use of Fractions High in Solids |
|
|
782 | (1) |
|
Use of Trait-Enhanced Oils |
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
Current Status of Usage of Zero- and Low-Trans Fats |
|
|
784 | (1) |
|
|
784 | (7) |
|
|
785 | (1) |
|
|
785 | (6) |
|
Significance of Dietary γ-Linolenate in Biological Systems: Attenuation of Inflammatory and Proliferative Processes |
|
|
791 | (22) |
|
|
Introduction and Historical Perspectives |
|
|
792 | (2) |
|
|
792 | (1) |
|
|
793 | (1) |
|
Desaturation/Elongation of EFA |
|
|
793 | (1) |
|
The Biological Significance of γ-Linolenic Acid |
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
Sources of γ-Linolenic Acid |
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
Metabolism and Generation of Potent Biological Modulators |
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
Generalized Functional Roles of γ-Linolenic Acid |
|
|
795 | (1) |
|
Nutritional/Biological Significance of γ-Linolenic Acid |
|
|
795 | (2) |
|
Significance of Dose of Dietary Intake of γ-Linolenic Acid |
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
In Vivo Role of γ-Linolenic Acid in Normal Skin |
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
In Vivo Role of γ-Linolenic Acid-Enriched Diet in the Induction of the Biosynthesis of Potent Biologically Active Mediators |
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
Dietary Role of γ-Linolenic Acid in Disease Situations: Modulation of Inflammatory/Immunological Disorders |
|
|
797 | (4) |
|
In Vivo Dietary Role in Rheumatoid Arthritis |
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
In Vivo Dietary Role in a Model of Lupus Erymematosus |
|
|
798 | (1) |
|
In Vivo Dietary Role in Cardiovascular Disorders |
|
|
798 | (1) |
|
In Vivo Dietary Role in Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis |
|
|
799 | (1) |
|
In Vivo Dietary Role in the Management of Type I and Type II Diabetes |
|
|
799 | (1) |
|
In Vivo Dietary Role in the Management of Bronchial Asthma |
|
|
800 | (1) |
|
Role of γ-Linolenic Acid-Enriched Diet in Hyperproliferative Processes |
|
|
801 | (1) |
|
In Vivo Dietary Role in a Guinea Pig Model of Normal Skin Epidermis: Generation of Biologically Potent Metabolites |
|
|
801 | (1) |
|
In Vivo Dietary Role in a Rodent Hyperproliferative Skin Model |
|
|
802 | (1) |
|
Role of γ-Linolenic Acid-Enriched Diet in Carcinogenesis: Models, Mechanisms, and Speculative Pathways |
|
|
802 | (2) |
|
In Vivo Role in Animal Models of Human Breast Cancer |
|
|
802 | (1) |
|
In Vivo Role of γ-Linolenic Acid as an Adjunct to Tamoxifen in Chemotherapeutic Management of Human Breast Cancer |
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ: A Possible Target for γ-Linolenic Acid Mode of Action |
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
Dietary Role of γ-Linolenic Acid in Prostate Carcinogenesis |
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
In Vivo Role in a Rodent Model of Prostate Adenocarcinoma |
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
In Vitro Modulatory Role of GLA and 15-HETrE on Rodent Prostatic Carcinoma Cells in Culture |
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
Comparison of the In Vitro Modulatory Roles of 15-LOX Metabolites of GLA/DGLA and EPA on Human Androgen-Dependent and Nonandrogen-Dependent Prostate Carcinoma Cells in Culture |
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
Attenuation of Cutaneous Hyperproliferation by GLA-15-LOX Metabolite (15-HETrE): Modulation of Epidermal Cell Signaling |
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
In Vitro Role of 15-HETrE in Cutaneous Signal Transduction |
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
Attenuation of Proliferation by 15-HETrE via Modulation of Downstream Signaling Transduction |
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
GLA/DGLA Catalyzed Generation of Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) |
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
In Vivo Oral Intake of Natural PGE1 or PGE1 Analog |
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
In Vitro Modulatory Role of PGE1: A Speculative Scenario of In Vivo Mechanism of Action |
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
Conclusion and Future Perspectives |
|
|
807 | (6) |
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
|
808 | (5) |
|
Biological Effects of Alpha-Linolenic Acid |
|
|
813 | (12) |
|
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
In Vivo Conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
|
815 | (1) |
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
|
817 | (1) |
|
|
817 | (1) |
|
|
818 | (7) |
|
|
819 | (6) |
|
Biological Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid |
|
|
825 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
825 | (1) |
|
|
826 | (2) |
|
|
826 | (1) |
|
CLA and Weight Management |
|
|
826 | (1) |
|
CLA and Heart Health and Arteriosclerosis |
|
|
827 | (1) |
|
|
827 | (1) |
|
CLA and Immune Function and Inflammatory Response |
|
|
827 | (1) |
|
|
828 | (1) |
|
Possible Mechanisms of CLA Effects |
|
|
828 | (2) |
|
Effect of CLA on Fatty Acid Oxidation Related Enzymes |
|
|
828 | (1) |
|
Effect of CLA on Fatty Acid and Eicosanoid Synthesis |
|
|
828 | (1) |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
Effect of CLA on Gene Expression |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
Other Conjugated Fatty Acids |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
|
830 | (7) |
|
|
831 | (6) |
|
The Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis |
|
|
837 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
Supply and Metabolism of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
Omega-3 PUFA in the Brain and Central Nervous System |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
|
839 | (3) |
|
Influence of n-3 PUFAs on Body Energy Homeostasis |
|
|
842 | (5) |
|
Food Intake, Body Weight, and Body Fat |
|
|
842 | (1) |
|
Fat Metabolism: Oxidation and Thermogenesis |
|
|
843 | (2) |
|
High-Fat Diets and Obesity |
|
|
845 | (1) |
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
|
847 | (8) |
|
|
847 | (1) |
|
|
848 | (7) |
|
Biological Effects of Oxidized Fatty Acids |
|
|
855 | (24) |
|
|
|
855 | (1) |
|
|
855 | (3) |
|
Biological Effects of Oxidized Fatty Acids |
|
|
858 | (7) |
|
|
858 | (2) |
|
|
860 | (2) |
|
Degradation Products of Lipid Hydroperoxides |
|
|
862 | (1) |
|
|
863 | (1) |
|
|
864 | (1) |
|
Factors Affecting the Biological Effects of Oxidized Fatty Acids |
|
|
865 | (3) |
|
Extent of Fatty Acid Oxidation |
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
Adequacy of Dietary Nutrients |
|
|
866 | (2) |
|
Metabolic Fate of Oxidized Fats and Oils |
|
|
868 | (2) |
|
|
870 | (9) |
|
|
870 | (9) |
|
|
879 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
879 | (1) |
|
|
880 | (3) |
|
|
880 | (2) |
|
|
882 | (1) |
|
Fatty Acid-Specific Effects |
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
|
883 | (6) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
Fatty Acid-Specific Effects |
|
|
884 | (5) |
|
|
889 | (1) |
|
Physiological Mechanism(s) Mediating the Satiating Effect of Fat |
|
|
889 | (1) |
|
Long-Term Body Weight Regulation |
|
|
890 | (1) |
|
|
890 | (1) |
|
Fatty Acid-Specific Effects |
|
|
890 | (1) |
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
Learned Controls of Satiety: Fats vs. Carbohydrate |
|
|
891 | (2) |
|
|
893 | (6) |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
|
894 | (5) |
|
Fatty Acids and Growth and Development |
|
|
899 | (36) |
|
|
|
899 | (1) |
|
|
899 | (1) |
|
|
900 | (4) |
|
|
904 | (2) |
|
|
906 | (5) |
|
Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids |
|
|
911 | (9) |
|
LCPUFAs in Human Milk: Effect of Diet and Length of Lactation |
|
|
914 | (1) |
|
Effect of LCPUFA Supplementation on Blood Levels of DHA and AA of Formula-Fed Infants |
|
|
915 | (1) |
|
Effect of LCPUFA Supplementation on Visual and Cognitive Functions of Formula-Fed Infants |
|
|
916 | (2) |
|
LCPUFA Accretion in the Newborn |
|
|
918 | (2) |
|
Protective Functions of Fatty Acids |
|
|
920 | (15) |
|
LCPUFA and Atopic Disease |
|
|
920 | (1) |
|
Breast-Feeding and Development of Cognitive Function |
|
|
921 | (1) |
|
|
922 | (13) |
|
Fatty Acids, and Cognition, Behavior, Brain Development, and Mood Diseases |
|
|
935 | (20) |
|
Jean-Marie Edouard Bourre |
|
|
|
935 | (2) |
|
Brain Development: Evidence from Animal Models and Studies on Humans |
|
|
937 | (3) |
|
|
937 | (2) |
|
EPA and DHA in Human Baby Formulas |
|
|
939 | (1) |
|
Importance of the Balance between Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids |
|
|
939 | (1) |
|
Adult Humans, Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence |
|
|
940 | (6) |
|
Mental Health, Cognition, and Mood |
|
|
940 | (1) |
|
|
941 | (1) |
|
Hyperactive and Dyslexic Children, Dyslexia in Adult |
|
|
941 | (1) |
|
|
942 | (1) |
|
|
943 | (1) |
|
|
943 | (1) |
|
|
943 | (1) |
|
|
944 | (1) |
|
|
945 | (1) |
|
|
946 | (1) |
|
|
947 | (8) |
|
|
948 | (7) |
|
|
955 | (22) |
|
|
M. Carmen Ramirez-Tortosa |
|
|
Concept and Principles of Aging |
|
|
955 | (1) |
|
|
956 | (2) |
|
|
956 | (1) |
|
Evolutive and Genetic Theories |
|
|
957 | (1) |
|
The Role of Mitochondria in Aging |
|
|
958 | (1) |
|
Mitochondria as the Cellular Source of Reactive Oxygen Species |
|
|
958 | (2) |
|
Membrane Unsaturation and Longevity |
|
|
960 | (2) |
|
Dietary Fat, Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress, and Aging |
|
|
962 | (5) |
|
Studies on Fatty Acids, Oxidative Stress, and Aging in Blood |
|
|
964 | (1) |
|
Studies on Mitochondrial DNA Deletions, Oxidative Stress, and Ultrastructural Alterations in Liver |
|
|
964 | (1) |
|
Differences between Mitotic and Nonmitotic Tissues |
|
|
965 | (2) |
|
Dietary Fatty Acids and Cognitive Function in Aging |
|
|
967 | (3) |
|
|
970 | (7) |
|
|
971 | (1) |
|
|
971 | (6) |
|
Dietary Fat, Immunity, and Inflammatory Disease |
|
|
977 | (30) |
|
|
|
977 | (1) |
|
|
978 | (11) |
|
Dietary Fat Level and Degree of Saturation |
|
|
978 | (2) |
|
Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency |
|
|
980 | (1) |
|
|
980 | (4) |
|
Cholesterol and Plasma Lipoproteins |
|
|
984 | (2) |
|
|
986 | (3) |
|
Dietary Lipids and Inflammatory Disease |
|
|
989 | (5) |
|
|
989 | (1) |
|
|
990 | (1) |
|
|
991 | (1) |
|
Inflammatory Bowel Disease |
|
|
992 | (2) |
|
|
994 | (13) |
|
|
994 | (13) |
|
Fatty Acids and Liver Disease |
|
|
1007 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
1007 | (1) |
|
Fatty Acids in the Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease |
|
|
1007 | (1) |
|
Fatty Acids and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease |
|
|
1008 | (1) |
|
Fatty Acids in Hepatic Fatty Acid Composition and Liver Disease |
|
|
1009 | (1) |
|
Role of Cytochrome P-4502E1 |
|
|
1010 | (1) |
|
Eicosanoids and Cytochrome P-450 Metabolites |
|
|
1011 | (1) |
|
Role of Lipid Peroxidation in Decreasing Hepatic Arachidonic and in Inducing Liver Injury |
|
|
1011 | (1) |
|
Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters and Liver Injury |
|
|
1012 | (1) |
|
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors, Fatty Acids, and Liver Disease |
|
|
1012 | (1) |
|
Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease |
|
|
1013 | (1) |
|
The Role of Fatty Acids in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Hepatocarcinogenesis |
|
|
1013 | (6) |
|
n-6 Fatty Acids and Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
|
|
1013 | (1) |
|
n-3 Fatty Acids and Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
|
|
1014 | (1) |
|
|
1015 | (4) |
|
Essential Fatty Acids and Visual Dysfunction |
|
|
1019 | (42) |
|
|
|
|
1020 | (1) |
|
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Ocular Health |
|
|
1020 | (2) |
|
|
1020 | (1) |
|
|
1020 | (2) |
|
|
1022 | (1) |
|
Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Nervous System |
|
|
1022 | (2) |
|
Preferential Accretion and Retention of Omega-3 Fatty Acids by the Retina |
|
|
1023 | (1) |
|
Methods of Achieving Omega-3 Deficiency |
|
|
1024 | (1) |
|
Functional Assessment of Vision |
|
|
1025 | (1) |
|
|
1026 | (2) |
|
Retinal Signal Processing |
|
|
1028 | (5) |
|
|
1028 | (1) |
|
|
1029 | (2) |
|
Phototransduction Cascade |
|
|
1031 | (1) |
|
Rhodopsin Deactivation and Regeneration of the Dark Current |
|
|
1032 | (1) |
|
Visual Pigment Regeneration |
|
|
1032 | (1) |
|
Assaying Retinal Biochemical Responses |
|
|
1033 | (4) |
|
|
1034 | (2) |
|
|
1036 | (1) |
|
|
1036 | (1) |
|
Retinal Dysfunction in Omega-3 Deficiency |
|
|
1037 | (1) |
|
|
1037 | (1) |
|
The Phototransduction Cascade |
|
|
1037 | (1) |
|
Omega-3 Deficiency Reduces Bipolar Cell Activity |
|
|
1038 | (1) |
|
Adaptation and Slowed Rod Recovery |
|
|
1039 | (1) |
|
Proposed Mechanisms Underlying Functional Losses |
|
|
1039 | (4) |
|
Membrane Biophysical Properties Modulate Retinal Protein Function |
|
|
1040 | (1) |
|
Relating In Vitro Predictions to In Vivo Findings: Experimental Power |
|
|
1041 | (1) |
|
Does Omega-3 Modulate Retinal Protein Content? |
|
|
1042 | (1) |
|
Does Omega-3 Modulate Protein Expression? |
|
|
1042 | (1) |
|
Does Omega-3 Modulate Ion Channel Proteins? |
|
|
1043 | (1) |
|
|
1043 | (18) |
|
|
1044 | (1) |
|
|
1044 | (17) |
|
Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease |
|
|
1061 | (24) |
|
|
|
1061 | (3) |
|
Diet-Related CVD Risk Factors |
|
|
1064 | (2) |
|
Essential and Nonessential Fatty Acid Metabolism |
|
|
1066 | (2) |
|
Effects of SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs on Thrombosis-Platelet-Endothelium Interactions |
|
|
1068 | (3) |
|
SFA/Trans Fatty Acid Effects |
|
|
1068 | (1) |
|
|
1069 | (1) |
|
|
1069 | (2) |
|
Fatty Acids and Lipoprotein Metabolism |
|
|
1071 | (4) |
|
|
1071 | (2) |
|
|
1073 | (1) |
|
|
1073 | (1) |
|
|
1073 | (1) |
|
Trans FAs and Lipoproteins |
|
|
1073 | (1) |
|
|
1074 | (1) |
|
Cardiovascular Disease and Lipids |
|
|
1075 | (1) |
|
A Unifying Hypothesis for Vascular Events Leading to Atherogenesis |
|
|
1076 | (9) |
|
|
1078 | (7) |
|
Dietary Fatty Acids and Cancer |
|
|
1085 | (24) |
|
|
|
1085 | (1) |
|
|
1085 | (4) |
|
Experimental Carcinogenesis Studies |
|
|
1089 | (4) |
|
Nutritional Considerations |
|
|
1089 | (1) |
|
|
1089 | (1) |
|
|
1090 | (1) |
|
|
1091 | (1) |
|
Pancreatic Carcinogenesis |
|
|
1092 | (1) |
|
|
1093 | (1) |
|
|
1093 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms by Which Dietary Fat may Influence Carcinogenesis |
|
|
1093 | (3) |
|
|
1093 | (1) |
|
|
1093 | (1) |
|
|
1094 | (1) |
|
|
1094 | (1) |
|
|
1095 | (1) |
|
|
1095 | (1) |
|
Induction of Specific Gene Expression |
|
|
1095 | (1) |
|
|
1096 | (13) |
|
|
1096 | (13) |
|
Fatty Acids and Renal Disease |
|
|
1109 | (36) |
|
|
|
1109 | (1) |
|
|
1110 | (2) |
|
Renal Eicosanoids and Leukotrienes |
|
|
1112 | (4) |
|
|
1116 | (3) |
|
Obesity and Renal Disease |
|
|
1119 | (1) |
|
Fatty Acids, Eicosanoids, and Renal Disease |
|
|
1119 | (13) |
|
Nonimmunological Renal Disease |
|
|
1119 | (1) |
|
|
1119 | (4) |
|
|
1123 | (2) |
|
Polycystic Kidney Disease |
|
|
1125 | (1) |
|
Immunological Renal Disease |
|
|
1126 | (1) |
|
|
1126 | (3) |
|
|
1129 | (1) |
|
|
1130 | (1) |
|
|
1131 | (1) |
|
|
1132 | (13) |
|
|
1132 | (13) |
|
Fatty Acid Metabolism in Diabetes |
|
|
1145 | (52) |
|
|
|
1145 | (2) |
|
Fatty Acid Composition of Tissue Lipids |
|
|
1147 | (2) |
|
Metabolic Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids in Diabetes |
|
|
1149 | (7) |
|
|
1149 | (1) |
|
|
1150 | (1) |
|
ω-3 Fatty Acids and Fish Oils |
|
|
1151 | (3) |
|
|
1154 | (1) |
|
|
1154 | (1) |
|
|
1155 | (1) |
|
Metabolism of Fatty Acids in Diabetes |
|
|
1156 | (8) |
|
|
1156 | (3) |
|
|
1159 | (1) |
|
Oxidation of Fatty Acids in Diabetes |
|
|
1159 | (1) |
|
Binding Proteins and Fatty Acid Oxidation |
|
|
1160 | (1) |
|
Conversion of EFAs to Eicosanoids |
|
|
1161 | (2) |
|
Hormones, Eicosanoids, and Platelet Aggregation in Diabetes |
|
|
1163 | (1) |
|
Hormonal Control of Fatty Acid Metabolism in Diabetes |
|
|
1164 | (4) |
|
Effect of Treatment of Diabetes on Fatty Acid Metabolism |
|
|
1168 | (5) |
|
|
1168 | (1) |
|
|
1169 | (1) |
|
Oral Agents to Treat Lipid Disorders |
|
|
1170 | (1) |
|
|
1170 | (1) |
|
Fatty Acid Oxidation Inhibitors |
|
|
1171 | (1) |
|
|
1171 | (1) |
|
|
1171 | (1) |
|
|
1172 | (1) |
|
|
1172 | (1) |
|
|
1172 | (1) |
|
|
1172 | (1) |
|
|
1172 | (1) |
|
Conclusions and Areas for Further Study |
|
|
1173 | (24) |
|
|
1175 | (22) |
|
Fatty Acid Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle and Nerve, and in Neuromuscular Disorders |
|
|
1197 | (32) |
|
|
|
|
1197 | (1) |
|
Fatty Acid Metabolism in Muscle and Nerve |
|
|
1198 | (7) |
|
Fatty Acid Metabolism in Peroxisomes |
|
|
1199 | (1) |
|
The Fatty Acid β-Oxidation Pathway in Peroxisomes |
|
|
1199 | (1) |
|
The Fatty Acid α-Oxidation Pathway |
|
|
1200 | (1) |
|
Synthesis of Ether Lipids |
|
|
1200 | (2) |
|
β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids in Mitochondria |
|
|
1202 | (2) |
|
Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle |
|
|
1204 | (1) |
|
Neuromuscular Disorders Associated with Fatty Acid Metabolism |
|
|
1205 | (14) |
|
|
1205 | (1) |
|
Peroxisome Assembly Disorders |
|
|
1206 | (1) |
|
Disorders Associated with Single Enzyme Deficiencies in Peroxisomes |
|
|
1206 | (3) |
|
Genetic Disorders of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation |
|
|
1209 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Carnitine Cycle |
|
|
1209 | (2) |
|
Disorders of the β-Oxidation Spiral and Electron Transfer to the Respiratory Chain |
|
|
1211 | (2) |
|
|
1213 | (1) |
|
|
1214 | (1) |
|
|
1215 | (1) |
|
|
1215 | (2) |
|
Fatty Acids and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle |
|
|
1217 | (1) |
|
|
1218 | (1) |
|
Protein-Energy Malnutrition |
|
|
1218 | (1) |
|
|
1218 | (1) |
|
Myopathy, Wasting Syndrome, and Lipodystrophy Associated with HIV Infection |
|
|
1218 | (1) |
|
|
1219 | (10) |
|
|
1219 | (10) |
|
Fatty Acids and Psychiatric Disorders |
|
|
1229 | (28) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1229 | (1) |
|
|
1230 | (13) |
|
|
1230 | (1) |
|
Erythrocytes and Platelets |
|
|
1230 | (2) |
|
|
1232 | (4) |
|
Pathological Consequences of Impaired Membrane Dynamics |
|
|
1236 | (1) |
|
Decreased Membrane Fluidity |
|
|
1236 | (1) |
|
Increased Free Radical Production |
|
|
1236 | (1) |
|
Decreased Dopamine Transporter Receptor (DATR) |
|
|
1237 | (1) |
|
|
1238 | (1) |
|
Biochemical Mechanisms Underlying Decreased Membrane PUFAs |
|
|
1238 | (1) |
|
Low Intake or Synthesis of Arachidonic Acid |
|
|
1238 | (1) |
|
Decreased Fatty Acid Incorporation |
|
|
1239 | (1) |
|
Increased Phospholipids Degradation |
|
|
1239 | (1) |
|
Increased Lipid Peroxidation |
|
|
1239 | (1) |
|
|
1240 | (1) |
|
Dietary Essential Fatty Acid Supplementation |
|
|
1240 | (1) |
|
Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs |
|
|
1241 | (1) |
|
|
1242 | (1) |
|
|
1243 | (4) |
|
|
1244 | (1) |
|
Pathological Consequence of Reduced Membrane n-3 PUFAs |
|
|
1245 | (1) |
|
PUFAs and Immune Function |
|
|
1246 | (1) |
|
Dietary Effects of PUFAs Supplementation |
|
|
1247 | (1) |
|
Other Psychiatric Disorders |
|
|
1247 | (1) |
|
|
1248 | (9) |
|
|
1248 | (9) |
Index |
|
1257 | |