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Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications 3rd edition [Hardback]

Edited by (University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 1296 pages, height x width: 254x178 mm, weight: 2560 g, 293 Tables, black and white; 166 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sērija : Food Science and Technology
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Nov-2007
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0849372615
  • ISBN-13: 9780849372612
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  • Formāts: Hardback, 1296 pages, height x width: 254x178 mm, weight: 2560 g, 293 Tables, black and white; 166 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sērija : Food Science and Technology
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Nov-2007
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0849372615
  • ISBN-13: 9780849372612
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Reflecting new research in an intensely studied field, eight chapters have been added in the 3d ed. of this thorough handbook; six have been completely rewritten. Among the topics of the new chapters are fatty acids in fermented food, the effect of heating and frying on oil and food fatty acids, consumption of fatty acids, the role of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in food intake and energy homeostasis, and the role of fatty acid on cognition, behavior and brain development, and mood disease. The chapters on fatty acids in meat and milk fat, and the role of fatty acids in aging and visual dysfunction were rewritten. The chapters were written by specialists worldwide. Each includes an initial outline of the chapter and a list of references. Chow is at the U. of Kentucky in Lexington. Annotation ©2008 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Since the publication of the bestselling second edition, mounting research into fatty acids reveals new and more defined links between the consumption of dietary fats and their biological health effects. Whether consuming omega-3 to prevent heart disease or avoiding trans fats to preserve heart health, it is more and more clear that not only the quantity but the type of fatty acid plays an important role in the etiology of the most common degenerative diseases. Keeping abreast of the mechanisms by which fatty acids exert their biological effects is crucial to unraveling the pathogenesis of a number of debilitating chronic disorders and can contribute to the development of effective preventive measures.

Thoroughly revised to reflect the most resent research findings, Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications, Third Edition retains the highly detailed, authoritative quality of the previous editions to present the current knowledge of fatty acids in food and food products and reveal diverse health implications. This edition includes eight entirely new chapters covering fatty acids in fermented foods, the effects of heating and frying on oils, the significance of dietary ?-linolenate in biological systems and inflammation, biological effects of conjugated linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid, and the role of fatty acids in food intake and energy homeostasis, as well as cognition, behavior, brain development, and mood disease. Several chapters underwent complete rewrites in light of new research on fatty acids in meat, meat products, and milk fat; fatty acid metabolism; eicosanoids; fatty acids and aging; and fatty acids and visual dysfunction.

The most complete resource available on fatty acids and their biological effects, Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications, Third Edition provides state-of-the-science information from all corners of nutritional and biomedical research.

Recenzijas

"Retaining the highly detailed, authoritative quality of the previous editions, this volume is thoroughly revised to incorporate the most recent findings throughout the book."

In Anticancer Research, July/ August 2008, Vol. 28, No. 4A

"Nutritionists or anyone specialising in nutrition, and health professionals with an interest in fatty acids, would find this fascinating, with a wealth of information at their fingertips."

Cathy Beckhouse, in Complementary Medicine, July/ August 2008

". . . very well written. It covers all the important issues at resonate with many people in relation to chronic diseases and their associated risk factors . . . uses relatively simple language appropriate for undergraduate students, but it also includes the more advanced information suitable for graduate students in nutrition, food science, and biochemistry . . . It is a book worth procuring, either to read or use a reference source."

Elizabeth Kamau-Mbuthia, Department of Human Nutrition and Pre-Clinical Studies, Egerton University, in inform, July 2009, Vol. 20, No. 7

Preface ix
Contributors xi
Fatty Acid Classification and Nomenclature
1(16)
Kelly Lobb
Ching Kuang Chow
Introduction
1(1)
Nomenclature
1(2)
Saturated Fatty Acids
3(3)
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
6(5)
Oxygenated Fatty Acids
11(3)
Cyclic Fatty Acids
14(1)
Conclusion
14(3)
References
14(3)
Chemical and Physical Properties of Fatty Acids
17(30)
John M. deMan
Introduction
17(1)
Reactivity of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
18(1)
Autoxidation
18(4)
Photooxidation
22(1)
Thermal Oxidation
23(1)
Enzymatic Oxidation
24(1)
Hydrogenation
24(4)
Halogenation
28(1)
Oxidative Fission
28(1)
Ester Interchange
29(1)
Hydrolysis
30(1)
Melting and Crystallization
30(2)
Fractionation
32(1)
Polymorphism
33(1)
Thermal Properties
34(2)
Optical Properties
36(1)
Refractive Index
37(1)
Spectral Properties
37(1)
Solubility and Interfacial Properties
38(2)
Viscosity
40(1)
Density
40(1)
Smoke, Flash, and Fire Points
41(1)
Rheological Properties
42(5)
References
42(5)
Application of Gas-Liquid Chromatography to Lipid Separation and Analysis: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
47(20)
Robert G. Ackman
Isolation and Analysis of Fatty Acids
47(1)
Drawbacks of Sample Abuse
48(1)
Total Lipid Recovery
49(2)
Total Fatty Acid Recovery
51(1)
Analysis of Fatty Acids by Gas-Liquid Chromatography
51(1)
Operations---Identification and Quantification
52(3)
Trans Fatty Acids
55(3)
Conjugated Linoleic Acid
58(1)
Other Lipids
59(8)
References
62(5)
Isotopic Methods for Assessing Lipid Metabolism
67(20)
Joanne K. Kelleher
Carolina B. Cabral
Jennifer M.K. Cheong
Introduction
67(2)
Compartments and Pathways
68(1)
Isotopic Tracers
69(7)
General Properties
69(1)
Tracer Activity
70(1)
Radioisotopes
71(1)
Stable Isotopes
72(2)
Selecting the Tracer
74(2)
Practical Applications of Tracers in Lipid Metabolism
76(2)
Flux Ratios Determined in Isotopic and Metabolic Steady State
76(1)
Flux Rates Relative to Pool Size: Metabolic Steady State with Isotope Filling Pools
76(1)
Rate of Appearance
77(1)
Estimating De Novo Biosynthesis of Lipids
78(2)
Deuterium Incorporation Approach
78(2)
Methods for Detecting 13C Atoms Rather than Molecules
80(2)
Gas Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
81(1)
Gas Chromatography Combustion Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
82(1)
Looking to the Future
82(5)
Mass Spectrometry as a Key to New Lipid Methodologies
82(1)
Isotopic Flux Studies as a Tool in the Genomics Era
83(1)
References
84(3)
Fatty Acids in Meat and Meat Products
87(22)
J. D. Wood
M. Enser
R. I. Richardson
F. M. Whittington
Introduction
87(1)
Types of Fatty Acids in Meat
88(2)
Measurement of Fatty Acid Composition
90(1)
Meat Fatty Acids and Human Health
91(1)
Species Effects on Fatty Acid Composition
92(1)
Diet Effects on Fatty Acid Composition
93(6)
Pigs
94(1)
Cattle
94(3)
Sheep
97(2)
Genetic Effects on Meat Fatty Acid Composition
99(2)
Pigs
99(1)
Cattle
99(2)
Sheep
101(1)
Fatty Acid Composition of Different Muscles, Tissues, and Meat Products
101(1)
Effects of Fatty Acids on Meat Quality
102(3)
Conclusions
105(4)
Acknowledgments
106(1)
References
106(3)
Fatty Acids in Milk Fat
109(18)
Donald L. Palmquist
Robert G. Jensen
Introduction
109(1)
Analysis of Milk Fatty Acids
110(1)
Milk Fatty Acids
111(2)
Variability of Milk Fat Composition
113(7)
Animal Effects on Milk Fat Composition
114(1)
Seasonal (Feed) Influence on Fatty Acid Composition
114(1)
Effects of Feeding Fat to the Cow on Milk Fat Composition
115(4)
Fat Supplements
119(1)
Protected Lipids
120(1)
Fatty Acid Composition of Other Dairy Products
120(1)
Health Concerns
120(2)
Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Other FA with Biological Effects
121(1)
Conclusion
122(5)
Acknowledgments
122(1)
References
122(5)
Fatty Acids in Poultry and Egg Products
127(28)
Austin H. Cantor
Eric A. Decker
Victoria P. Collins
Fatty Acid Composition of Poultry Meats
127(13)
Fatty Acid Composition of Chicken Muscle
127(2)
Fatty Acid Composition of Turkey Muscle
129(1)
Fatty Acid Composition of Duck, Goose, and Other Game Birds
129(2)
Fatty Acid Composition of Cooked Poultry Muscle
131(2)
Poultry Variety Meats
133(1)
Separable Fat and Mechanically Deboned Muscle
134(1)
Processed Poultry Products
135(1)
Influence of the Fatty Acid Composition of Feeds on the Fatty Acid Composition of Chicken
136(2)
Summary
138(2)
Fatty Acid Composition of Eggs and Egg Products
140(12)
Fatty Acid Composition of Chicken Eggs
140(5)
Fatty Acid Composition of Cooked Eggs
145(1)
Fatty Acid Composition of Dried Whole Eggs
145(1)
Fatty Acid Composition of Raw Whole Eggs of Several Avian Species
145(2)
Fatty Acid Composition of Egg Substitutes
147(1)
Factors Affecting the Fatty Acid Composition of Eggs
148(1)
Influence of the Hen's Diet on Fatty Acid Composition of Egg Yolks
149(3)
Summary
152(3)
References
152(3)
Fatty Acids in Fish and Shellfish
155(32)
Robert G. Ackman
Introduction
155(1)
Why There Are So Many Fish Fatty Acid Compositions
155(9)
Coldwater Fish
156(5)
Freshwater Fish
161(1)
Shellfish and Crustacea
162(1)
Australasia and the Tropics
163(1)
Oily Fish and Health Considerations
164(8)
Fish as Food
172(15)
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Health
173(2)
New Market Exploitation
175(2)
Short-Chain or Long-Chain
177(1)
Alternate Sources and Delivery Systems
177(1)
The Safety Factor
178(2)
References
180(7)
Fatty Acids in Vegetables and Vegetable Products
187(40)
Geza Bruckner
Andrew C. Peng
Introduction
187(1)
Solanaceous Crops
188(7)
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum)
189(1)
Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum)
190(3)
Pepper (Capsicum annuum)
193(2)
Eggplant (Solanum melongena)
195(1)
Crucifers
195(7)
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
195(6)
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea cv. Botrytis)
201(1)
Turnip (Brassica rapa)
202(1)
Cucurbits
202(7)
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
202(4)
Pickles
206(2)
Pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.)
208(1)
Pulse Crops
209(3)
Peas (Pisum sativum)
209(2)
Soybeans (Glycine max)
211(1)
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)
212(2)
Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas)
214(5)
Sweet Corn (Zea mays)
219(2)
Yam (Dioscorea spp.)
221(1)
Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
221(1)
Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.)
221(6)
Summary
221(1)
References
221(6)
Fatty Acids in Oilseeds (Vegetable Oils)
227(36)
Pamela J. White
Introduction
227(3)
Canola Oil (Low-Erucic-Acid Rapeseed Oil with Low Glucosinolates)
230(3)
Corn Oil
233(2)
Cottonseed Oil
235(2)
Linseed Oil (Flax)
237(1)
Oat Oil
238(2)
Olive Oil
240(1)
Palm, Palm Kernel, and Coconut Oils
241(1)
Peanut Oil
242(2)
Rice Bran Oil
244(1)
Safflower Oil
245(1)
Sesame Oil
246(1)
Soybean Oil
247(3)
Sunflower Oil
250(13)
Acknowledgments
252(1)
References
252(11)
Fatty Acids in Fruits and Fruit Products
263(40)
Basil S. Kamel
Yukio Kakuda
Introduction
263(2)
Fatty Acid Composition of Fruit Mesocarp
265(3)
Fatty Acid Composition of Fruit Kernels and Seeds
268(6)
Fruit Nuts
274(4)
Palm Oils
278(2)
Butters from Plant Sources
280(2)
Lesser Known Fruits and Fruit Products
282(6)
Spices and Condiments
288(3)
Future Trends
291(12)
References
292(6)
Supplemental References
298(5)
Fatty Acids in Food Cereal Grains and Grain Products
303(14)
Robert Becker
Introduction
303(1)
Occurrence
303(1)
Degradative Effects
304(1)
Flavor
305(1)
Functionality
305(1)
Thermal Deterioration
305(1)
Cereal Grains
306(11)
Wheat
306(2)
Durum Wheat
308(1)
Rice
309(1)
Maize
310(1)
Oats
310(1)
Barley
311(1)
Buckwheat
311(1)
Millet
312(1)
Sorghum
313(1)
References
314(3)
Fatty Acids in Fermented Food Products
317(18)
Sue Joan Chang
Ching Kuang Chow
Introduction
317(1)
Fermented Food Products
318(14)
Fermented Drinks
319(1)
Wines and Beers
319(2)
Cider
321(1)
Fermented Plant Products
321(1)
Miso
321(1)
Soy Sauces
322(1)
Soy Yogurt
322(1)
Tempeh
323(1)
Natto
324(1)
Pickle Vegetables
324(2)
Fermented Milk Products
326(1)
Cheese
326(3)
Cottage Cheese
329(1)
Yogurt
330(2)
Summary and Conclusion
332(3)
References
332(3)
Fatty Acid Content of Convenience Foods
335(42)
Maria G. Boosalis
References
376(1)
Trans-Fatty Acids in Foods
377(62)
Margaret C. Craig-Schmidt
Carmen A. Teodorescu
Introduction
377(1)
Forms and Sources of Dietary Isomeric Fatty Acids
378(2)
Forms of Dietary Isomeric Fatty Acids
378(1)
Sources of Dietary Isomeric Fatty Acids
379(1)
Positional Isomers of Fatty Acids in Food
380(1)
Trans-Isomers of Fatty Acids in Foods
381(31)
Trans-Isomers of Fatty Acids in Dairy Products, Meats, and Animal Fats
383(1)
Milk Fat and Butter
384(2)
Meats
386(5)
Animal Fats
391(1)
Trans-Isomers of Fatty Acids in Margarines, Shortening, and Vegetable Oils
391(1)
Margarines
392(6)
Shortenings
398(5)
Vegetable Oils
403(2)
Salad Dressings, Mayonnaise, Soups, and Sauces
405(1)
Trans-Isomers of Fatty Acids in Fast Foods and Processed Foods
405(2)
Fast Foods
407(1)
Processed Foods
407(5)
Trans-Isomers of Fatty Acids in Human Milk and Infant Foods
412(1)
Estimates of Isomeric Fatty Acids in the Diet
412(16)
Analysis of Composite Diets
420(3)
Analysis of Dietary Records Using Food Composition Data
423(1)
Estimates Based on Trans-Fatty Acid Content of Biological Tissues
424(1)
Estimates Based on ``Disappearance'' Data
425(2)
Consumption of Positional Isomers
427(1)
Concluding Perspective
428(11)
Acknowledgments
429(1)
References
429(10)
Genetic Alteration of Food Fats and Oils
439(22)
Earl G. Hammond
Reasons for Alteration of Fat and Oil Composition
439(2)
The Means of Changing Plant Oil Composition
441(1)
Barriers to Changing Plant Oil Composition
442(1)
Animal Fats
443(1)
Constraints on the Composition of Plant Fats and Oils
443(4)
Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition in Various Plant Species
447(5)
Rapeseed and Canola
449(1)
Soybeans
450(1)
Linseed
451(1)
Safflower and Sunflower
452(1)
Peanut
452(1)
Corn Oil
452(1)
Palm Oil
452(1)
Glyceride Structure Variation
452(9)
References
454(7)
Fat-Based Fat Substitutes
461(12)
Casimir C. Akoh
Introduction
461(1)
Zero- and Reduced-Calorie Fat-Based Fat Substitutes
462(4)
Olestra/Olean
462(2)
Polyol or Carbohydrate Fatty Acid Polyesters
464(1)
Alkyl Glycosides Fatty Acid Polyesters
465(1)
Sorbestrin
465(1)
Dialkyl Dihexadecylmolonate
465(1)
Esterified Propoxylated Glycerol
466(1)
Polycarboxylic Acid Compounds
466(1)
Emulsifiers
466(1)
Sucrose Fatty Acid Esters
466(1)
Other Emulsifiers
466(1)
Structured Lipids
467(2)
Caprenin
468(1)
Benefat
468(1)
Neobee and Captex Series
468(1)
Medium-Chain Triacylglycerols
469(1)
Conclusion
469(4)
References
470(3)
Commercial Applications of Fats in Foods
473(20)
Ronald Jandacek
Introduction
473(1)
Triacylglycerols---Production and Composition
474(3)
Functionality Provided by Solid Fats
477(2)
Margarines and Spreads
479(1)
Triacylglycerol Substitutes
480(6)
Olestra
481(1)
Diacylglycerols
482(1)
Triacylglycerols with Specific Structures
483(1)
Medium-Chain Triacylglycerols and Structured Lipids
483(2)
Human Milk Fat Mimic
485(1)
Functional Fatty Acid Derivatives
486(4)
Fatty Acid Derivatives Providing Textural Benefits
486(2)
Fatty Acid Derivatives Providing Metabolic Benefits
488(1)
Plant Sterols
488(2)
Conjugated Linoleic Acid
490(1)
Fatty Acids from Single Cell Organisms
490(1)
Overview
490(3)
References
490(3)
Effects of Processing and Storage on Fatty Acids in Edible Oils
493(18)
Vickie Tatum
Ching Kuang Chow
Introduction
494(1)
Effects of Processing on Fatty Acids
494(8)
Oilseed Processing
495(1)
Seed Selection and Cleaning
495(1)
Drying and Storage of Raw Materials
495(1)
Dehulling and Grinding, Rolling, or Flaking
495(1)
Cooking
496(1)
Extraction
496(1)
Miscella Stripping
497(1)
Degumming
497(1)
Caustic Refining
498(1)
Bleaching
499(1)
Physical Refining
499(1)
Hydrogenation
499(2)
Deodorization
501(1)
Animal Fat Processing
501(1)
Rendering
501(1)
Caustic Refining
501(1)
Bleaching
501(1)
Physical Refining
501(1)
Hydrogenation
501(1)
Oil Modifications
502(1)
Fish Oil Processing
502(1)
Effects of Storage on Fatty Acids
502(1)
Undesirable Changes in Fatty Acids that Occur during Processing and Storage
503(2)
Oxidation
503(1)
Autoxidation
503(1)
Photooxidation
504(1)
Hydrolysis
505(1)
Isomerization
505(1)
Antioxidants and Metal Chelators in Fat and Oil Processing
505(1)
Summary and Conclusion
506(5)
References
507(4)
Effect of Heating and Frying on Oil and Food Fatty Acids
511(34)
Francisco J. Sanchez-Muniz
Sara Bastida
Gloria Marquez-Ruiz
Carmen Dobarganes
Introduction
511(2)
General Changes in Oils and Fats Due to Heating and Frying
513(3)
Chemical Changes in Fatty Acids Due to Heating and Frying
516(13)
Total Changes in the Oils and Fats: Polar Compounds
516(3)
Total Changes in Fatty Acids
519(1)
Polar Fatty Acids
519(1)
Fatty Acid Composition
520(1)
Modified Fatty Acids
521(1)
Modified Fatty Acid Monomers
521(6)
Fatty Acid Polymers
527(1)
Nonpolar Dimers
527(1)
Polar Dimers
528(1)
Higher Oligomers
528(1)
Fat and Oil Transfer during Frying
529(6)
Food Fatty Acid Changes
531(1)
Fat Interchange during Deep Frying of Fatty Foods
532(1)
Fresh Fatty Foods
532(1)
Frozen Prefried Foods
533(1)
Food Matrix-Cooking Oil/Fat Interaction
534(1)
Final Remarks
535(10)
Acknowledgments
535(1)
References
535(10)
Consumption of Fatty Acids
545(16)
Sue Joan Chang
Ching Kuang Chow
Introduction
545(1)
Nationwide Dietary Intake Surveys
546(1)
Intake of Total Fat and Fatty Acids in the United States
547(11)
Mean Total Energy Intake
547(1)
Mean Energy Intake from Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats
548(1)
Percentage of Energy Intake from Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats
549(1)
Percentage of Energy Intake from Total Fats
549(2)
Percentage of Energy Intake from Saturated Fats
551(1)
Percentage of Energy Intake from Unsaturated Fats
551(1)
Percentage of Energy Intake from Total, Saturated, Monounsaturated, and Polyunsaturated Fats, and Alcohol
552(1)
Energy Intake from Protein, Total Fat, and Saturated, Monounsaturated, and Polyunsaturated Fats, and Cholesterol
553(1)
Percentage of Energy Intake from Snack Foods
553(1)
Mean Intake of Major Fatty Acids
554(1)
Mean Percentage of Fatty Acid Intake
555(1)
Mean Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake
555(1)
Mean Fatty Acid Intake from Major Food Sources by Male Subjects
555(1)
Mean Fatty Acid Intake from Major Food Sources by Female Subjects
556(2)
Summary and Conclusion
558(3)
References
558(3)
Absorption and Transport of Dietary Lipid
561(30)
Vernon A. Welch
Jurgen T. Borlak
Introduction
562(1)
The Nature and Function of Dietary Lipid
562(1)
Digestion and Absorption of Lipid
562(3)
Digestion in the Intestine
562(1)
Absorption of the Products of Digestion
563(1)
Metabolism of Absorbed Lipid in the Enterocyte
563(1)
Assembly of Triacylglycerol-Rich Lipoproteins
564(1)
Absorption of Short-Chain Fatty Acids
565(1)
Transport of Lipid on Lipoproteins
565(12)
Structure of Lipoproteins
565(2)
Synthesis of Lipoproteins
567(1)
Synthesis of VLDL
567(1)
Synthesis of HDL
567(1)
Lipoprotein Metabolism
568(1)
Chylomicron Metabolism
568(2)
VLDL Metabolism
570(1)
Receptor-Mediated Uptake of Lipoproteins
571(1)
Chylomicron Remnant Receptors (E)
571(1)
LDL Receptors, B100/E
571(1)
Receptor-Independent Uptake of LDL
572(1)
β-VLDL Receptor
572(1)
``Scavenger'' or Acetyl LDL Receptor
572(1)
HDL Metabolism
573(1)
Reverse Cholesterol Transport
573(1)
Lipid Transfer Protein
574(1)
Utilization of Cholesterol
575(1)
Desaturation Reactions
575(1)
Dietary Control
576(1)
Hormonal Control
577(1)
Effect of Dietary Lipid on Lipoprotein Cholesterol
577(2)
Dietary Cholesterol
577(1)
Human Studies
577(1)
Animal Studies
578(1)
Dietary Fatty Acid Composition
578(1)
Triacylglycerol Structure
579(1)
Level of Dietary Lipid
579(1)
Possible Mechanisms of the Hypocholesterolemic Effects of Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
579(12)
Effects on Cholesterol Metabolism
579(1)
Reduced Absorption of Cholesterol
579(1)
Redistribution of Cholesterol to Tissues
579(1)
Increased Excretion of Cholesterol and Bile Acids
579(1)
Reduced Synthesis of Cholesterol
580(1)
Enhanced Activity of LCAT
580(1)
Effects of Lipoprotein Metabolism
581(1)
Reduction in Rate of Synthesis of VLDL and LDL
581(1)
Increase in FCR and Changes in Fluidity of Lipoproteins and/or Their Receptors
581(1)
Change in Size of Lipoprotein Particles
582(1)
Modification of Apolipoproteins
583(1)
References
583(8)
The Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Lipid Metabolism
591(40)
Madhuri Vemuri
Darshan S. Kelley
Introduction
591(1)
Characteristics of Dietary Fatty Acids
592(1)
Sources and Quantities
592(1)
Digestion of Fatty Acids
593(1)
Fatty Acid Transport
594(1)
Fatty Acid Metabolism
595(7)
Fatty Acid Synthesis
595(3)
Catabolism
598(4)
Physiological Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids
602(8)
De Novo Synthesis
602(1)
Circulating Lipoproteins, Lipids, and Cholesterol
603(5)
Conversion to Eicosanoids
608(2)
Summary and Conclusions
610(21)
Acknowledgments
611(1)
References
611(20)
Dietary Fatty Acids and Minerals
631(20)
Elizabeth A. Droke
Henry C. Lukaski
Introduction
631(1)
Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Mineral Bioavailability and Utilization
632(13)
Calcium
632(1)
Animal Studies
632(3)
Human Studies
635(1)
Mechanisms for Dietary Fat-Induced Alterations in Calcium Absorption and Utilization
636(1)
Magnesium
637(1)
Animal Studies
637(1)
Human Studies
638(1)
Copper and Zinc
638(1)
Animal Studies
638(1)
Human Studies
639(1)
Mechanisms for Dietary Fat-Induced Alterations in Copper and Zinc Absorption and Utilization
640(1)
Iron
641(1)
Animal Studies
641(2)
Human Studies
643(1)
``Meat Factor''
643(1)
Mechanisms for Dietary Fat-Induced Alterations in Iron Absorption and Utilization
644(1)
Conclusion
645(1)
Directions for Future Research
646(5)
References
646(5)
Interaction of Dietary Fatty Acids, Carbohydrates, and Lipids on Carbohydrate Metabolism
651(24)
Bela Szepesi
Introduction
651(1)
General Physiological Interactions
652(4)
Dietary Carbohydrate, Blood Lipids, and Lipoproteins
652(1)
Thermogenesis and Energy Utilization
653(2)
Other Interactions
655(1)
Control of Hepatic Enzyme Activity and Lipogenesis by Dietary Fat
656(9)
Source of NADPH and Its Influence on Metabolism
656(1)
Regulation of the Fatty Acid Synthetase Complex by Dietary Lipid
656(1)
Regulation of G6PDH by Dietary Lipid
656(8)
Regulation of Malic Enzyme by Dietary Lipid
664(1)
Conclusion
665(10)
References
666(9)
Reappraisal of the Essential Fatty Acids
675(18)
Robert S. Chapkin
Introduction
675(1)
Essential Fatty Acids
675(4)
Linoleic Acid Requirement
675(2)
Linolenic Acid Requirement
677(2)
Metabolic Fates of Linoleic and Linolenic Acids
679(1)
Physiological Functions
680(2)
Conclusion
682(11)
Acknowledgments
683(1)
References
683(10)
Fatty Acids and Membrane Function
693(20)
Carolyn D. Berdanier
Introduction
693(1)
Membrane Lipid Composition and Structure
693(8)
Fluid Mosaic Model
693(3)
Phospholipid Composition
696(1)
Disease Effects on Membrane Lipids
697(1)
Diet Effects on Membrane Fatty Acids
698(1)
Hormones and Their Effects on Membrane Lipids
699(1)
Age Effects on Membrane Lipids
700(1)
Membrane Function
701(7)
Conclusion
708(5)
References
708(5)
Dietary Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids
713(14)
Joo Y. Lee
Daniel H. Hwang
Introduction
713(1)
Dietary PUFAs as a Source of Essential Fatty Acids
714(1)
Dietary Essential Fatty Acids as Precursors of Eicosanoids
714(3)
Physiological Actions of Eicosanoids
717(2)
Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes
717(1)
Leukotrienes
718(1)
Lipoxins
718(1)
Resolvins
719(1)
Regulation of Eicosanoid Biosynthesis
719(1)
Modulation of Eicosanoid Biosynthesis by Different Dietary Fatty Acids
720(1)
Incorporation of n-3 Fatty Acids into Food Systems
721(1)
Dietary γ-Linolenic Acid (18:3n-6)
722(1)
Dietary Trans Fatty Acids
722(1)
Conclusion
723(4)
Acknowledgments
723(1)
References
723(4)
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Regulation of Gene Expression
727(14)
Harini Sampath
James M. Ntambi
Introduction
727(1)
Site-Specific Gene Regulation by PUFAs
728(1)
Nuclear Receptors and Transcription Factors
729(1)
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
730(1)
Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins
731(1)
Liver X Receptors
732(1)
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-4α
733(1)
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein
733(1)
Nuclear Factor-KB
734(1)
Conclusion
734(7)
References
735(6)
Fatty Acids, Lipids, and Cellular Signaling
741(16)
Geza Bruckner
Introduction/Background
741(3)
Phospholipases and Fatty Acid Modulation
744(1)
Fatty Acids and Phospholipase Modulation
745(4)
Phospholipase A2
745(2)
Phospholipase C and D
747(2)
Protein Kinase C
749(1)
Platelet-Activating Factor and LPA
750(1)
Other Fatty Acid Signaling Mechanisms
750(1)
Involvement in Ion Channel Regulation
750(1)
Conclusions
751(6)
References
751(6)
Safety and Health Effects of Trans Fatty Acids
757(34)
J. Edward Hunter
Introduction
757(1)
Occurrence of Trans Fatty Acids in the U.S. Food Supply
758(2)
Human Studies Relating Dietary Trans Fatty Acids to Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
760(15)
Review Articles
760(1)
Reviews of Studies Reported Prior to 1990
760(1)
Reviews of Studies Reported Since 1990
760(2)
Human Trials Reporting Changes in Blood Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels with Dietary Trans Fatty Acids
762(1)
Experimental Studies
762(5)
Collective Consideration of Human Trials
767(4)
Studies on Clotting Tendency, Blood Pressure, and LDL Oxidation
771(1)
Epidemiologic and Case-Control Studies
771(3)
Other Studies
774(1)
Studies Relating Dietary Trans Fatty Acids to Cancer, Maternal and Child Health, Type 2 Diabetes, and Macular Degeneration
775(4)
Trans Fatty Acids in Relation to Cancer
775(1)
Trans Fatty Acids in Relation to Maternal and Child Health
776(1)
Trans Fatty Acids in Relation to Type 2 Diabetes
777(1)
Trans Fatty Acids in Relation to Macular Degeneration
778(1)
Dietary Recommendations Regarding Saturated and Trans Fatty Acids
779(1)
Alternatives for Replacing or Reducing Trans Fatty Acids in Foods
780(4)
Modification of the Hydrogenation Process
780(1)
Use of Interesterification
781(1)
Use of Fractions High in Solids
782(1)
Use of Trait-Enhanced Oils
783(1)
Current Status of Usage of Zero- and Low-Trans Fats
784(1)
Summary and Conclusions
784(7)
Acknowledgments
785(1)
References
785(6)
Significance of Dietary γ-Linolenate in Biological Systems: Attenuation of Inflammatory and Proliferative Processes
791(22)
Vincent A. Ziboh
Introduction and Historical Perspectives
792(2)
Essential Fatty Acids
792(1)
Deficiency Symptoms
793(1)
Desaturation/Elongation of EFA
793(1)
The Biological Significance of γ-Linolenic Acid
794(1)
Sources of γ-Linolenic Acid
794(1)
Metabolism and Generation of Potent Biological Modulators
794(1)
Generalized Functional Roles of γ-Linolenic Acid
795(1)
Nutritional/Biological Significance of γ-Linolenic Acid
795(2)
Significance of Dose of Dietary Intake of γ-Linolenic Acid
796(1)
In Vivo Role of γ-Linolenic Acid in Normal Skin
796(1)
In Vivo Role of γ-Linolenic Acid-Enriched Diet in the Induction of the Biosynthesis of Potent Biologically Active Mediators
796(1)
Dietary Role of γ-Linolenic Acid in Disease Situations: Modulation of Inflammatory/Immunological Disorders
797(4)
In Vivo Dietary Role in Rheumatoid Arthritis
797(1)
In Vivo Dietary Role in a Model of Lupus Erymematosus
798(1)
In Vivo Dietary Role in Cardiovascular Disorders
798(1)
In Vivo Dietary Role in Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis
799(1)
In Vivo Dietary Role in the Management of Type I and Type II Diabetes
799(1)
In Vivo Dietary Role in the Management of Bronchial Asthma
800(1)
Role of γ-Linolenic Acid-Enriched Diet in Hyperproliferative Processes
801(1)
In Vivo Dietary Role in a Guinea Pig Model of Normal Skin Epidermis: Generation of Biologically Potent Metabolites
801(1)
In Vivo Dietary Role in a Rodent Hyperproliferative Skin Model
802(1)
Role of γ-Linolenic Acid-Enriched Diet in Carcinogenesis: Models, Mechanisms, and Speculative Pathways
802(2)
In Vivo Role in Animal Models of Human Breast Cancer
802(1)
In Vivo Role of γ-Linolenic Acid as an Adjunct to Tamoxifen in Chemotherapeutic Management of Human Breast Cancer
803(1)
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ: A Possible Target for γ-Linolenic Acid Mode of Action
803(1)
Dietary Role of γ-Linolenic Acid in Prostate Carcinogenesis
804(1)
In Vivo Role in a Rodent Model of Prostate Adenocarcinoma
804(1)
In Vitro Modulatory Role of GLA and 15-HETrE on Rodent Prostatic Carcinoma Cells in Culture
804(1)
Comparison of the In Vitro Modulatory Roles of 15-LOX Metabolites of GLA/DGLA and EPA on Human Androgen-Dependent and Nonandrogen-Dependent Prostate Carcinoma Cells in Culture
805(1)
Attenuation of Cutaneous Hyperproliferation by GLA-15-LOX Metabolite (15-HETrE): Modulation of Epidermal Cell Signaling
805(1)
In Vitro Role of 15-HETrE in Cutaneous Signal Transduction
805(1)
Attenuation of Proliferation by 15-HETrE via Modulation of Downstream Signaling Transduction
806(1)
GLA/DGLA Catalyzed Generation of Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)
806(1)
In Vivo Oral Intake of Natural PGE1 or PGE1 Analog
806(1)
In Vitro Modulatory Role of PGE1: A Speculative Scenario of In Vivo Mechanism of Action
807(1)
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
807(6)
Acknowledgments
808(1)
References
808(5)
Biological Effects of Alpha-Linolenic Acid
813(12)
Luc Djousse
Introduction
813(1)
Sources of ALA
813(1)
In Vivo Conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA
814(1)
ALA and Arrhythmia
814(1)
ALA and Inflammation
815(1)
ALA and Lipids
816(1)
ALA and Blood Pressure
816(1)
ALA and Clotting System
817(1)
ALA and Prostate Cancer
817(1)
Conclusions
818(7)
References
819(6)
Biological Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid
825(12)
Yung-Sheng Huang
Teruyoshi Yanagita
Koji Nagao
Kazunori Koba
Introduction
825(1)
CLA and Human Health
826(2)
CLA and Cancer
826(1)
CLA and Weight Management
826(1)
CLA and Heart Health and Arteriosclerosis
827(1)
CLA and Diabetes
827(1)
CLA and Immune Function and Inflammatory Response
827(1)
CLA and Bone Health
828(1)
Possible Mechanisms of CLA Effects
828(2)
Effect of CLA on Fatty Acid Oxidation Related Enzymes
828(1)
Effect of CLA on Fatty Acid and Eicosanoid Synthesis
828(1)
CLA as Antioxidant
829(1)
Effect of CLA on Gene Expression
829(1)
Other Conjugated Fatty Acids
830(1)
Anticarcinogenic Effect
830(1)
Antiobese Effect
830(1)
Safety and Dosage of CLA
830(1)
Conclusion
830(7)
References
831(6)
The Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
837(18)
Richard S. Weisinger
Denovan P. Begg
Lauren Stahl
Harrison S. Weisinger
Andrew J. Sinclair
Markandeya Jois
Introduction
837(1)
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
838(1)
Supply and Metabolism of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
838(1)
Omega-3 PUFA in the Brain and Central Nervous System
839(1)
Body Energy Homeostasis
839(3)
Influence of n-3 PUFAs on Body Energy Homeostasis
842(5)
Food Intake, Body Weight, and Body Fat
842(1)
Fat Metabolism: Oxidation and Thermogenesis
843(2)
High-Fat Diets and Obesity
845(1)
Cancer Cachexia
846(1)
Conclusion
847(8)
Acknowledgments
847(1)
References
848(7)
Biological Effects of Oxidized Fatty Acids
855(24)
Ching Kuang Chow
Introduction
855(1)
Fatty Acid Oxidation
855(3)
Biological Effects of Oxidized Fatty Acids
858(7)
Oxidized Fats and Oils
858(2)
Oxidized Fatty Acids
860(2)
Degradation Products of Lipid Hydroperoxides
862(1)
Malondialdehyde
863(1)
4-Hydroxyalkenals
864(1)
Factors Affecting the Biological Effects of Oxidized Fatty Acids
865(3)
Extent of Fatty Acid Oxidation
865(1)
Adequacy of Dietary Nutrients
866(2)
Metabolic Fate of Oxidized Fats and Oils
868(2)
Summary and Conclusion
870(9)
References
870(9)
Satiating Effects of Fat
879(20)
Zoe S. Warwick
Colleen M. McGuire
Christina Revelle
Introduction
879(1)
Satiation during a Meal
880(3)
Fats vs. Carbohydrates
880(2)
Hunger and Satiation
882(1)
Fatty Acid-Specific Effects
883(1)
Individual Differences
883(1)
Satiety after a Meal
883(6)
Fats vs. Carbohydrates
884(1)
Fatty Acid-Specific Effects
884(5)
Individual Differences
889(1)
Physiological Mechanism(s) Mediating the Satiating Effect of Fat
889(1)
Long-Term Body Weight Regulation
890(1)
Fats vs. Carbohydrates
890(1)
Fatty Acid-Specific Effects
890(1)
Individual Differences
891(1)
Learned Controls of Satiety: Fats vs. Carbohydrate
891(2)
Summary and Conclusions
893(6)
Acknowledgments
894(1)
References
894(5)
Fatty Acids and Growth and Development
899(36)
Margit Hamosh
Introduction
899(1)
Fetal Period
899(1)
Neonatal Period
900(4)
Trans Fatty Acids
904(2)
Medium-Chain Fatty Acids
906(5)
Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
911(9)
LCPUFAs in Human Milk: Effect of Diet and Length of Lactation
914(1)
Effect of LCPUFA Supplementation on Blood Levels of DHA and AA of Formula-Fed Infants
915(1)
Effect of LCPUFA Supplementation on Visual and Cognitive Functions of Formula-Fed Infants
916(2)
LCPUFA Accretion in the Newborn
918(2)
Protective Functions of Fatty Acids
920(15)
LCPUFA and Atopic Disease
920(1)
Breast-Feeding and Development of Cognitive Function
921(1)
References
922(13)
Fatty Acids, and Cognition, Behavior, Brain Development, and Mood Diseases
935(20)
Jean-Marie Edouard Bourre
Introduction
935(2)
Brain Development: Evidence from Animal Models and Studies on Humans
937(3)
Experimental Evidence
937(2)
EPA and DHA in Human Baby Formulas
939(1)
Importance of the Balance between Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
939(1)
Adult Humans, Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence
940(6)
Mental Health, Cognition, and Mood
940(1)
Stress
941(1)
Hyperactive and Dyslexic Children, Dyslexia in Adult
941(1)
Depression
942(1)
Drug Addiction
943(1)
Autism
943(1)
Dementias
943(1)
Schizophrenia
944(1)
Cognition and Aging
945(1)
Discussion
946(1)
Summary and Conclusions
947(8)
References
948(7)
Fatty Acids and Aging
955(22)
Jose L. Quiles
M. Carmen Ramirez-Tortosa
Concept and Principles of Aging
955(1)
Some Aging Theories
956(2)
Stochastic Theories
956(1)
Evolutive and Genetic Theories
957(1)
The Role of Mitochondria in Aging
958(1)
Mitochondria as the Cellular Source of Reactive Oxygen Species
958(2)
Membrane Unsaturation and Longevity
960(2)
Dietary Fat, Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress, and Aging
962(5)
Studies on Fatty Acids, Oxidative Stress, and Aging in Blood
964(1)
Studies on Mitochondrial DNA Deletions, Oxidative Stress, and Ultrastructural Alterations in Liver
964(1)
Differences between Mitotic and Nonmitotic Tissues
965(2)
Dietary Fatty Acids and Cognitive Function in Aging
967(3)
Summary and Conclusion
970(7)
Acknowledgments
971(1)
References
971(6)
Dietary Fat, Immunity, and Inflammatory Disease
977(30)
Gilbert A. Boissonneault
Introduction
977(1)
Dietary Fat and Immunity
978(11)
Dietary Fat Level and Degree of Saturation
978(2)
Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency
980(1)
Specific Fatty Acids
980(4)
Cholesterol and Plasma Lipoproteins
984(2)
Parenteral Lipids
986(3)
Dietary Lipids and Inflammatory Disease
989(5)
Psoriasis
989(1)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
990(1)
Asthma
991(1)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
992(2)
Conclusions
994(13)
References
994(13)
Fatty Acids and Liver Disease
1007(12)
Amin A. Nanji
Bassam A. Nassar
Introduction
1007(1)
Fatty Acids in the Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease
1007(1)
Fatty Acids and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
1008(1)
Fatty Acids in Hepatic Fatty Acid Composition and Liver Disease
1009(1)
Role of Cytochrome P-4502E1
1010(1)
Eicosanoids and Cytochrome P-450 Metabolites
1011(1)
Role of Lipid Peroxidation in Decreasing Hepatic Arachidonic and in Inducing Liver Injury
1011(1)
Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters and Liver Injury
1012(1)
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors, Fatty Acids, and Liver Disease
1012(1)
Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease
1013(1)
The Role of Fatty Acids in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Hepatocarcinogenesis
1013(6)
n-6 Fatty Acids and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
1013(1)
n-3 Fatty Acids and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
1014(1)
References
1015(4)
Essential Fatty Acids and Visual Dysfunction
1019(42)
Algis J. Vingrys
Anne E. Weymouth
Introduction
1020(1)
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Ocular Health
1020(2)
Dry Eye
1020(1)
Retinal Disease
1020(2)
Glaucoma
1022(1)
Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Nervous System
1022(2)
Preferential Accretion and Retention of Omega-3 Fatty Acids by the Retina
1023(1)
Methods of Achieving Omega-3 Deficiency
1024(1)
Functional Assessment of Vision
1025(1)
Retinal Structure
1026(2)
Retinal Signal Processing
1028(5)
The Dark Current
1028(1)
Photon Absorption
1029(2)
Phototransduction Cascade
1031(1)
Rhodopsin Deactivation and Regeneration of the Dark Current
1032(1)
Visual Pigment Regeneration
1032(1)
Assaying Retinal Biochemical Responses
1033(4)
The a-Wave
1034(2)
The b-Wave
1036(1)
Oscillatory Potentials
1036(1)
Retinal Dysfunction in Omega-3 Deficiency
1037(1)
Rhodopsin Activation
1037(1)
The Phototransduction Cascade
1037(1)
Omega-3 Deficiency Reduces Bipolar Cell Activity
1038(1)
Adaptation and Slowed Rod Recovery
1039(1)
Proposed Mechanisms Underlying Functional Losses
1039(4)
Membrane Biophysical Properties Modulate Retinal Protein Function
1040(1)
Relating In Vitro Predictions to In Vivo Findings: Experimental Power
1041(1)
Does Omega-3 Modulate Retinal Protein Content?
1042(1)
Does Omega-3 Modulate Protein Expression?
1042(1)
Does Omega-3 Modulate Ion Channel Proteins?
1043(1)
Summary
1043(18)
Acknowledgments
1044(1)
References
1044(17)
Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease
1061(24)
Geza Bruckner
Introduction
1061(3)
Diet-Related CVD Risk Factors
1064(2)
Essential and Nonessential Fatty Acid Metabolism
1066(2)
Effects of SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs on Thrombosis-Platelet-Endothelium Interactions
1068(3)
SFA/Trans Fatty Acid Effects
1068(1)
MUFA Effects
1069(1)
PUFA Effects
1069(2)
Fatty Acids and Lipoprotein Metabolism
1071(4)
Lipoprotein Homeostasis
1071(2)
n6 PUFAs and Lipoprotein
1073(1)
MUFAs and Lipoproteins
1073(1)
Saturated Fatty Acids
1073(1)
Trans FAs and Lipoproteins
1073(1)
n3 FAs and Lipoproteins
1074(1)
Cardiovascular Disease and Lipids
1075(1)
A Unifying Hypothesis for Vascular Events Leading to Atherogenesis
1076(9)
References
1078(7)
Dietary Fatty Acids and Cancer
1085(24)
Howard Perry Glauert
Introduction
1085(1)
Epidemiological Studies
1085(4)
Experimental Carcinogenesis Studies
1089(4)
Nutritional Considerations
1089(1)
Skin Carcinogenesis
1089(1)
Hepatocarcinogenesis
1090(1)
Colon Carcinogenesis
1091(1)
Pancreatic Carcinogenesis
1092(1)
Mammary Carcinogenesis
1093(1)
Other Sites
1093(1)
Mechanisms by Which Dietary Fat may Influence Carcinogenesis
1093(3)
Membrane Fluidity
1093(1)
Toxicity
1093(1)
Eicosanoid Metabolism
1094(1)
Caloric Effect
1094(1)
Effect on Initiation
1095(1)
Lipid Peroxidation
1095(1)
Induction of Specific Gene Expression
1095(1)
Summary and Conclusions
1096(13)
References
1096(13)
Fatty Acids and Renal Disease
1109(36)
Stuart K. Ware
Introduction
1109(1)
Basic Renal Function
1110(2)
Renal Eicosanoids and Leukotrienes
1112(4)
Renal Disease
1116(3)
Obesity and Renal Disease
1119(1)
Fatty Acids, Eicosanoids, and Renal Disease
1119(13)
Nonimmunological Renal Disease
1119(1)
Subtotal Renal Ablation
1119(4)
Hypertension
1123(2)
Polycystic Kidney Disease
1125(1)
Immunological Renal Disease
1126(1)
Nephritis
1126(3)
Nephrosis
1129(1)
Nephrotoxicity
1130(1)
Diet and Renal Patients
1131(1)
Conclusions
1132(13)
References
1132(13)
Fatty Acid Metabolism in Diabetes
1145(52)
Sam J. Bhathena
Introduction
1145(2)
Fatty Acid Composition of Tissue Lipids
1147(2)
Metabolic Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids in Diabetes
1149(7)
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
1149(1)
ω-6 Fatty Acids
1150(1)
ω-3 Fatty Acids and Fish Oils
1151(3)
Saturated Fatty Acids
1154(1)
Trans Fatty Acids
1154(1)
Free Fatty Acids
1155(1)
Metabolism of Fatty Acids in Diabetes
1156(8)
Desaturation
1156(3)
Elongation
1159(1)
Oxidation of Fatty Acids in Diabetes
1159(1)
Binding Proteins and Fatty Acid Oxidation
1160(1)
Conversion of EFAs to Eicosanoids
1161(2)
Hormones, Eicosanoids, and Platelet Aggregation in Diabetes
1163(1)
Hormonal Control of Fatty Acid Metabolism in Diabetes
1164(4)
Effect of Treatment of Diabetes on Fatty Acid Metabolism
1168(5)
Diet and Exercise
1168(1)
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
1169(1)
Oral Agents to Treat Lipid Disorders
1170(1)
Insulin Sensitizers
1170(1)
Fatty Acid Oxidation Inhibitors
1171(1)
Inhibitors of Lipolysis
1171(1)
Lipid Lowering Agents
1171(1)
Metal Ions
1172(1)
Chromium
1172(1)
Vanadium
1172(1)
Molybdenum
1172(1)
Other Agents
1172(1)
Conclusions and Areas for Further Study
1173(24)
References
1175(22)
Fatty Acid Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle and Nerve, and in Neuromuscular Disorders
1197(32)
Charles J. Rebouche
Jeffrey K. Yao
Introduction
1197(1)
Fatty Acid Metabolism in Muscle and Nerve
1198(7)
Fatty Acid Metabolism in Peroxisomes
1199(1)
The Fatty Acid β-Oxidation Pathway in Peroxisomes
1199(1)
The Fatty Acid α-Oxidation Pathway
1200(1)
Synthesis of Ether Lipids
1200(2)
β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids in Mitochondria
1202(2)
Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle
1204(1)
Neuromuscular Disorders Associated with Fatty Acid Metabolism
1205(14)
Peroxisomal Disorders
1205(1)
Peroxisome Assembly Disorders
1206(1)
Disorders Associated with Single Enzyme Deficiencies in Peroxisomes
1206(3)
Genetic Disorders of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation
1209(1)
Disorders of the Carnitine Cycle
1209(2)
Disorders of the β-Oxidation Spiral and Electron Transfer to the Respiratory Chain
1211(2)
Chanarin-Dorfman Disease
1213(1)
Barth Syndrome
1214(1)
Diabetes and Obesity
1215(1)
Diabetic Neuropathy
1215(2)
Fatty Acids and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle
1217(1)
Nutritional Deficiencies
1218(1)
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
1218(1)
Anorexia Nervosa
1218(1)
Myopathy, Wasting Syndrome, and Lipodystrophy Associated with HIV Infection
1218(1)
Summary
1219(10)
References
1219(10)
Fatty Acids and Psychiatric Disorders
1229(28)
Sarah M. Conklin
Ravinder D. Reddy
Matthew F. Muldoon
Jeffrey K. Yao
Introduction
1229(1)
Schizophrenia
1230(13)
Membrane Lipid Defects
1230(1)
Erythrocytes and Platelets
1230(2)
Brain
1232(4)
Pathological Consequences of Impaired Membrane Dynamics
1236(1)
Decreased Membrane Fluidity
1236(1)
Increased Free Radical Production
1236(1)
Decreased Dopamine Transporter Receptor (DATR)
1237(1)
Serotonin Dysfunction
1238(1)
Biochemical Mechanisms Underlying Decreased Membrane PUFAs
1238(1)
Low Intake or Synthesis of Arachidonic Acid
1238(1)
Decreased Fatty Acid Incorporation
1239(1)
Increased Phospholipids Degradation
1239(1)
Increased Lipid Peroxidation
1239(1)
Therapeutic Effects
1240(1)
Dietary Essential Fatty Acid Supplementation
1240(1)
Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs
1241(1)
Summary
1242(1)
Major Depression
1243(4)
Reduced Membrane PUFAs
1244(1)
Pathological Consequence of Reduced Membrane n-3 PUFAs
1245(1)
PUFAs and Immune Function
1246(1)
Dietary Effects of PUFAs Supplementation
1247(1)
Other Psychiatric Disorders
1247(1)
Conclusions
1248(9)
References
1248(9)
Index 1257


Ching Kuang Chow