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E-grāmata: Fundamentals of Sustainable Chemical Science

(University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, Columbia, USA)
  • Formāts: 392 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 10-Mar-2009
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781439882085
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  • Formāts: 392 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 10-Mar-2009
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781439882085

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Written by Stanley Manahan, Fundamentals of Sustainable Chemical Science has been carefully designed to provide a basic introduction to chemistry, including organic chemistry and biochemistry, for readers with little or no prior background in the subject. Manahan, bestselling author of many environmental texts, presents the material in a practical format that ties together real-world examples from environmental chemistry, green chemistry, and related areas while maintaining brevity and simplicity. The author presents:











An introduction to chemistry at the most fundamental level





A discussion of environmental chemistry and the now-critical area of sustainable chemical science





A straightforward presentation of the essentials of chemical science

The book begins with an introduction to the basic concepts and terms needed to really understand chemistry. With these terms defined in very fundamental ways, it is then possible to cover chemical concepts in greater detail without having to guess what readers know and dont know about chemistry. The book also includes basic coverage of organic chemistry and biochemistry. Although other books at the beginner level often omit these topics, those who deal with the real world of environmental pollution, hazardous wastes, agricultural science, and other applied areas quickly realize that a rudimentary understanding of them is essential. These two features make the book not only unique but also practical.

Supplying the nuts and bolts of the science, Manahan elucidates the basics of chemistry in a clear, concise format with tie-ins to environmental chemistry and green chemistry.
Preface xiii
Author xv
Introduction To Chemistry and Green Chemistry
1(44)
If We Do Not Change Direction
1(1)
The Essential Role Of Chemistry
2(1)
Environmental Chemistry and Green Chemistry
3(2)
A Mini-Course In Chemistry
5(1)
The Building Blocks Of Matter
5(3)
Subatomic Particles and Atoms
5(1)
Atoms and Elements
6(1)
The Periodic Table
7(1)
Chemical Bonds and Compounds
8(4)
Chemical Compounds
9(1)
Ionic Bonds
10(1)
Summary of Chemical Compounds and the Chemical Bond
11(1)
Molecular Mass
11(1)
Chemical Reactions and Equations
12(1)
Numbers In Chemistry: Exponential Notation
12(3)
Addition and Subtraction of Exponential Numbers
13(1)
Multiplication and Division of Exponential Numbers
14(1)
Significant Figures and Uncertainties In Numbers
15(3)
Significant Figures in Calculations
15(2)
Rounding Numbers
17(1)
Use of Three Significant Digits
17(1)
Measurements and Systems Of Measurement
18(2)
SI Units of Measurement
18(1)
Multiples of Units
18(1)
Metric and English Systems of Measurement
18(2)
Units of Mass
20(1)
Units of Length
21(1)
Units of Volume
22(1)
Temperature, Heat, and Energy
23(4)
Temperature Scales
23(3)
Melting Point and Boiling Point
26(1)
Heat and Energy
27(1)
Pressure
27(1)
Units and Their Use In Calculations
28(3)
Unit Conversion Factors
28(3)
Chapter Summary
31(5)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
33(3)
Literature Cited
36(1)
Questions and Problems
37(8)
Matter and Materials
45(42)
What Is Matter and Why Does It Matter For Sustainability and Green Chemistry?
45(1)
Classification Of Matter
46(3)
Some General Types of Matter
47(1)
Mixtures and Pure Substances
48(1)
Summary of the Classification of Matter
49(1)
Quantity Of Matter: The Mole
49(1)
The Mole and Avogadro's Number
50(1)
Physical Properties Of Matter
50(5)
Density
51(1)
Specific Gravity
52(1)
Color
53(1)
Electromagnetic Radiation and Green Chemistry
54(1)
States Of Matter
55(1)
Gases
56(6)
The Gas Laws
57(2)
Gas Law Calculations
59(3)
Liquids and Solutions
62(3)
Evaporation and Condensation of Liquids
62(1)
Vapor Pressure
63(1)
Solutions
63(2)
Solids
65(1)
Thermal Properties
66(4)
Melting Point
66(1)
Boiling Point
66(1)
Specific Heat
66(2)
Heat of Vaporization
68(1)
Heat of Fusion
69(1)
Phase Change Materials in Green Technology
69(1)
Separation and Characterization Of Matter
70(4)
Distillation
70(1)
Separation in Waste Treatment
71(3)
The Green Chemistry Of Matter
74(1)
Chapter Summary
75(6)
Questions and Problems
81(6)
Atoms and Elements
87(52)
Atoms and Elements
87(1)
The Atomic Theory
87(3)
Laws That Are Explained by Dalton's Atomic Theory
87(2)
Small Size of Atoms
89(1)
Atomic Mass
90(1)
Subatomic Particles
90(1)
The Basic Structure Of The Atom
91(2)
Atomic Number, Isotopes, and Mass Number of Isotopes
91(1)
Electrons in Atoms
92(1)
Development Of The Periodic Table
93(1)
Hydrogen, The Simplest Atom
93(2)
Designation of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table
94(1)
Showing Electrons in Hydrogen Atoms and Molecules
94(1)
Properties of Elemental Hydrogen
94(1)
Production and Uses of Elemental Hydrogen
95(1)
Helium, The First Atom With A Filled Electron Shell
95(2)
Occurrence and Uses of Helium
96(1)
Lithium, The First Atom With Both Inner And Outer Electrons
97(2)
Uses of Lithium
97(2)
Lithium, a Key Material in Green Technology
99(1)
The Second Period, Elements 4-10
99(5)
Beryllium, Atomic Number 4
99(1)
Boron, Atomic Number 5
100(1)
Carbon, Atomic Number 6
101(1)
Nitrogen, Atomic Number 7
101(1)
Oxygen, Atomic Number 8
102(1)
Fluorine, Atomic Number 9
103(1)
Neon, Atomic Number 10
103(1)
Elements 11-20, and Beyond
104(3)
The Elements Beyond Calcium
106(1)
A More Detailed Look At Atomic Structure
107(1)
Electromagnetic Radiation
107(1)
Quantum and Wave Mechanical Models of Electrons In Atoms
108(5)
The Wave Mechanical Model of Atomic Structure
109(2)
Multielectron Atoms and Quantum Numbers
111(2)
Energy Levels of Atomic Orbitals
113(3)
Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
115(1)
Shapes Of Atomic Orbitals
116(1)
Electron Configuration
117(1)
Electrons In The First 20 Elements
118(4)
Electron Configuration of Hydrogen
118(1)
Electron Configuration of Helium
119(1)
Electron Configurations of Elements 2-20
119(1)
Lithium
119(1)
Valence Electrons
119(1)
Beryllium
120(1)
Filling the 2p Orbitals
120(1)
Filling the 3s, 3p, and 4s Orbitals
121(1)
Electron Configurations and The Periodic Table
122(4)
Chapter Summary
126(5)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
128(3)
Questions and Problems
131(8)
Chemical Bonds, Molecules, and Compounds
139(42)
Chemical Bonds and Compound Formation
139(2)
Chemical Bonds and Valence Electrons
140(1)
Chemical Bonding and The Octet Rule
141(1)
The Octet Rule for Some Diatomic Gases
141(1)
The Octet Rule for Chemical Compounds
141(1)
Ionic Bonding
142(8)
Electron Configurations of Ions from a Single Atom
142(1)
Sodium Chloride as an Ionic Compound
143(2)
Energetics in Ionic Bonding
145(1)
Energy of Ion Attraction
146(1)
Lattice Energy
147(1)
Ion Size
147(2)
Formation of Some Example Ionic Compounds
149(1)
Fundamentals of Covalent Bonding
150(2)
Chemical Bonds and Energy
150(1)
Covalent Bonding
150(2)
Covalent Bonds In Compounds
152(2)
Some Other Aspects Of Covalent Bonding
154(7)
Multiple Bonds and Bond Order
154(1)
Lengths and Strengths of Multiple Bonds
155(1)
Electronegativity and Covalent Bonding
156(1)
Sharing Electrons---unequally
157(1)
Coordinate Covalent Bonds
158(1)
Compounds That Do Not Conform to the Octet Rule
159(1)
Resonance Structures
160(1)
Chemical Formulas Of Compounds
161(6)
What a Chemical Formula States
161(1)
Percentage Composition from Chemical Formulas
162(1)
Calculation of Chemical Formulas
163(1)
Empirical Formula from Percentage Composition
164(3)
The Names Of Chemical Compounds
167(3)
Binary Molecular Compounds
167(1)
Names of Ionic Compounds
168(2)
Acids, Bases, and Salts
170(2)
Acids
170(1)
Bases
171(1)
Salts
171(1)
Chapter Summary
172(3)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
173(2)
Questions and Problems
175(6)
Chemical Reactions, Equations, and Stoichiometry
181(28)
The Sentences of Chemistry
181(1)
Chemical Reactions and Equations: The Sentences of the Chemical Language
181(1)
Quantitative Calculations from Chemical Equations
182(1)
The Information In A Chemical Equation
182(2)
Chemical Reactions
182(1)
Expressing a Chemical Reaction as a Chemical Equation
182(1)
Symbols Used in Chemical Equations
183(1)
Balancing Chemical Equations
184(4)
Balancing the Equation for the Reaction of Hydrogen Sulfide with Sulfur Dioxide
184(1)
Some Other Examples of Balancing Equations
185(2)
Summary of Steps in Balancing an Equation
187(1)
Will A Reaction Occur?
188(2)
How Fast Does A Reaction Go?
190(1)
Classification Of Chemical Reactions
190(3)
Quantitative Information From Chemical Reactions
193(2)
Review of Quantitative Chemical Terms
193(1)
Calcination of Limestone
194(1)
What Is Stoichiometry and Why Is It Important?
195(5)
The Mole Ratio Method of Stoichiometric Calculations
196(4)
Chapter Summary
200(3)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
202(1)
Questions and Problems
203(6)
Acids, Bases, and Salts
209(34)
The Importance of Acids, Bases, and Salts
209(1)
The Nature Of Acids, Bases, and Salts
210(4)
Hydrogen Ion and Hydroxide Ion
210(1)
Acids
210(1)
Bases
211(1)
Salts
211(1)
Amphoteric Substances
212(1)
Metal Ions as Acids
212(1)
Salts That Act as Bases
213(1)
Salts That Act as Acids
213(1)
Conductance Of Electricity By Acids, Bases, And Salts In Solution
214(2)
Electrolytes
215(1)
Dissociation Of Acids and Bases In Water
216(2)
The Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Buffers
218(1)
Buffers
219(1)
ph and The Relationship Between Hydrogen Ion and Hydroxide Ion Concentrations
219(3)
Acid-Base Equilibria
221(1)
Preparation Of Acids
222(1)
Preparation Of Bases
223(2)
Preparation Of Salts
225(2)
Acid Salts and Basic Salts
227(1)
Acid Salts
227(1)
Basic Salts
227(1)
Water of Hydration
227(1)
Names of Acids, Bases, and Salts
228(4)
Acids
228(1)
Bases
228(1)
Salts
229(3)
Chapter Summary
232(4)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
233(3)
Questions and Problems
236(7)
Solutions and Solvents
243(32)
What Are Solutions? Why Are They Important?
243(3)
Reactions in Solution
244(1)
Solutions in Living Systems
245(1)
Solutions in the Environment
245(1)
Industrial Uses of Solutions
246(1)
Solvents
246(1)
Water---A Unique Solvent
247(2)
The Solution Process and Solubility
249(2)
Solution Concentrations
251(6)
Molar Concentration
252(2)
Diluting Solutions
254(1)
Molar Concentration of H+ Ion and pH
255(1)
Solubility
256(1)
Standard Solutions and Titrations
257(2)
Physical Properties Of Solutions
259(2)
Freezing Point Depression
259(1)
Boiling Point Elevation
259(1)
Osmosis
259(2)
Solution Equilibria
261(4)
Solution Equilibria
261(2)
Solubilities of Gases
263(2)
Colloidal Suspensions
265(3)
Kinds of Colloidal Particles
265(1)
Colloid Stability
266(2)
Coagulation and Flocculation of Colloidal Particles
268(1)
Chapter Summary
268(4)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
270(2)
Questions and Problems
272(3)
Chemistry and Electricity
275(32)
Chemistry and Electricity
275(1)
Oxidation and Reduction
276(3)
Oxidation-reduction In Solution
279(2)
The Dry Cell
281(2)
Storage Batteries
283(3)
Using Electricity To Make Chemical Reactions Occur
286(3)
Electrolysis of Water: A Green Technology
286(2)
Electrolytic Manufacture of Chemicals
288(1)
Electroplating
289(1)
Fuel Cells
290(1)
Solar Cells
291(1)
Reaction Tendency
292(4)
Measurement of E0
293(1)
E0 Values and Reaction Tendency
294(2)
Effect of Concentration: Nernst Equation
296(1)
Potentiometry
297(2)
Corrosion
299(1)
Chapter Summary
300(4)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
302(2)
Questions and Problems
304(3)
Organic Chemistry
307(32)
Organic Chemistry
307(1)
Molecular Geometry in Organic Chemistry
307(1)
Hydrocarbons
308(10)
Alkanes
308(6)
Alkenes and Alkynes
314(1)
Alkenes and Cis-trans Isomerism
315(1)
Condensed Structural Formulas
315(1)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
316(2)
Organic Functional Groups and Classes of Organic Compounds
318(12)
Organo-Oxygen Compounds
319(2)
Organonitrogen Compounds
321(1)
Organohalide Compounds
322(4)
Organosulfur Compounds
326(2)
Organophosphorus Compounds
328(2)
Synthetic Polymers
330(2)
Chapter Summary
332(3)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
334(1)
Supplementary References
335(1)
Questions and Problems
336(3)
Biological Chemistry
339(28)
Biochemistry
339(1)
Biomolecules
340(1)
Biochemistry and The Cell
340(2)
Major Cell Features
340(2)
Proteins
342(5)
Protein Structure
344(2)
Denaturation of Proteins
346(1)
Carbohydrates
347(2)
Lipids
349(2)
Enzymes
351(4)
Nucleic Acids
355(4)
Nucleic Acids in Protein Synthesis
358(1)
Modified DNA
359(1)
Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering
359(1)
Metabolic Processes
360(1)
Energy-Yielding Processes
360(1)
Chapter Summary
361(2)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
362(1)
Literature Cited
363(1)
Supplementary References
364(1)
Questions and Problems
364(3)
Index 367
University of Missouri, Columbia, USA