Author Biography |
|
xi | |
Preface |
|
xiii | |
1 History and Terminology |
|
1 | (26) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
1.2 Definitions and Terminology |
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
|
4 | (3) |
|
1.4 Coal-Forming Processes |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
8 | (5) |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
1.7 Petrology and Petrography |
|
|
14 | (7) |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
1.7.4 Inorganic Constituents |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
1.7.5 Petrology, Petrography, and Behavior |
|
|
18 | (3) |
|
1.8 Coal and Coal Analysis |
|
|
21 | (2) |
|
|
23 | (4) |
2 Identification of Coal |
|
27 | (27) |
|
|
27 | (4) |
|
2.2 Analytical Techniques |
|
|
31 | (4) |
|
2.3 Standard Test Methods |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
|
37 | (6) |
|
|
43 | (6) |
|
2.5.1 PreModern Use of Coal |
|
|
44 | (3) |
|
|
47 | (2) |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
|
50 | (4) |
3 Sampling and Sample Preparation |
|
54 | (30) |
|
|
54 | (2) |
|
|
56 | (10) |
|
|
57 | (4) |
|
|
61 | (4) |
|
3.2.3 Mechanical Sampling |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
66 | (2) |
|
|
68 | (5) |
|
3.5 Accuracy and Precision |
|
|
73 | (5) |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
|
76 | (2) |
|
3.6 Reporting Coal Analyses |
|
|
78 | (2) |
|
3.7 Interrelationships of the Data |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
|
81 | (3) |
4 Mineral Matter |
|
84 | (32) |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
4.2 Origin and Occurrence |
|
|
85 | (5) |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
|
88 | (2) |
|
|
90 | (5) |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
4.3.4 Sulfide and Sulfate Minerals |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
4.3.6 Effect of Mineral Matter on Coal Use |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
|
95 | (15) |
|
|
97 | (2) |
|
4.4.2 Ash Analysis and/or Direct Mineral Analysis |
|
|
99 | (7) |
|
4.4.3 Non-Ashing Techniques |
|
|
106 | (2) |
|
4.4.4 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
108 | (2) |
|
4.5 Chemistry of ASH Formation |
|
|
110 | (2) |
|
|
112 | (4) |
5 Proximate Analysis |
|
116 | (28) |
|
|
116 | (2) |
|
|
118 | (9) |
|
|
124 | (2) |
|
5.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
127 | (5) |
|
|
128 | (3) |
|
5.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
|
132 | (4) |
|
|
133 | (2) |
|
5.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
|
137 | (3) |
|
5.6.1 Gray-King Assay at 600 °C (1112 °F) |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
5.6.2 Gray-King Assay at 900 °C (1652 °F) |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
5.6.3 Other Carbonization Tests |
|
|
138 | (2) |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
140 | (4) |
6 Ultimate Analysis |
|
144 | (26) |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
|
145 | (3) |
|
|
145 | (2) |
|
6.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
|
148 | (2) |
|
|
148 | (2) |
|
6.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
|
150 | (5) |
|
|
151 | (2) |
|
6.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
|
155 | (6) |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
6.5.2 Determination of the Forms of Sulfur |
|
|
158 | (2) |
|
6.5.3 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
|
161 | (2) |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
6.6.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
6.7.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
|
164 | (2) |
|
|
164 | (2) |
|
6.8.2 Arsenic and Selenium |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
|
166 | (4) |
7 Physical Properties |
|
170 | (28) |
|
|
170 | (2) |
|
7.2 Density and Specific Gravity |
|
|
172 | (8) |
|
7.3 Porosity and Surface Area |
|
|
180 | (6) |
|
|
186 | (4) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
7.6 Electrical Conductivity |
|
|
190 | (3) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (4) |
8 Thermal Properties |
|
198 | (28) |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
|
198 | (8) |
|
|
203 | (2) |
|
8.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (3) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
8.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
206 | (3) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
8.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
8.5 Plastic and Agglutinating Properties |
|
|
210 | (6) |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
8.5.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
212 | (3) |
|
8.5.3 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
216 | (4) |
|
|
216 | (3) |
|
8.6.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
|
220 | (3) |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
8.7.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
8.8.2 Data handling and Interpretation |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
224 | (2) |
9 Mechanical Properties |
|
226 | (23) |
|
|
226 | (2) |
|
|
228 | (3) |
|
|
229 | (2) |
|
9.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
231 | (3) |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
9.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
|
234 | (4) |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
9.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
238 | (4) |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
9.5.2 Data Handling and Interpretation |
|
|
239 | (3) |
|
9.6 Other Mechanical Properties |
|
|
242 | (3) |
|
|
242 | (2) |
|
9.6.2 Deformation and Flow under Stress |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
245 | (4) |
10 Solvent Properties and Spectroscopic Properties |
|
249 | (26) |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
250 | (7) |
|
10.2.1 Action of Specific Solvents |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
10.2.2 Influence of Coal Rank |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
10.2.3 Influence of Petrographic Composition |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
10.2.4 Analysis of Coal Extracts |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
10.3 Spectroscopic Properties |
|
|
257 | (10) |
|
10.3.1 Infrared Spectroscopy |
|
|
257 | (4) |
|
10.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
10.3.4 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
10.3.6 Electron Spin Resonance |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
10.3.7 Miscellaneous Methods |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
267 | (8) |
11 The Need for Coal Analysis |
|
275 | (23) |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
11.2 Identification and Character of Coal |
|
|
276 | (2) |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
279 | (4) |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
11.4.2 Fugitive Emissions |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
11.4.3 Mine Waste Disposal |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
11.5 Preparation, Transportation, and Storage |
|
|
283 | (2) |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
|
285 | (9) |
|
|
285 | (7) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
294 | (4) |
Glossary |
|
298 | (40) |
Common Conversion Factors Used in Coal Technology |
|
338 | (3) |
Index |
|
341 | |