Preface |
|
xiii | |
Contributors |
|
xv | |
1. Overview |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | |
|
Water Pollution Worldwide |
|
|
3 | |
|
|
6 | |
|
|
7 | |
|
Delineation of a Major Problem of Arsenic-Contaminated Groundwater |
|
|
7 | |
|
Water Quality in Eastern Africa |
|
|
9 | |
|
Effect of Land Development |
|
|
10 | |
|
Sampling and Analysis of Arsenic in Groundwater in Bangladesh and India |
|
|
10 | |
|
Forensic Water Quality Investigations |
|
|
11 | |
|
Regulatory Considerations |
|
|
11 | |
|
|
12 | |
|
Monitoring Inorganic Compounds |
|
|
12 | |
|
Radionuclides in Surface- and Groundwater |
|
|
13 | |
|
Volatile and Semivolatile Contaminants |
|
|
13 | |
|
|
13 | |
|
Herbicides and Their Degradation Products |
|
|
14 | |
|
Pharmaceuticals in Sewage Effluents |
|
|
14 | |
|
Monitoring Terrorist-Related Contamination |
|
|
15 | |
|
Groundwater Arsenic-Removal Technologies Based on Sorbents |
|
|
15 | |
|
|
16 | |
2. Delineation of a Major Worldwide Problem of Arsenic-Contaminated Groundwater |
|
|
|
|
|
17 | |
|
Investigations into the Problem |
|
|
19 | |
|
Toxicity of Various Arsenic Species |
|
|
21 | |
|
Impact of Arsenic-Laced Irrigation Water on the Food Chain |
|
|
23 | |
|
Mechanism of Arsenic Contamination of Water |
|
|
24 | |
|
Weathering of Arsenopyrite |
|
|
24 | |
|
Role of Microbes in the Release of Arsenic into Groundwater |
|
|
25 | |
|
|
27 | |
|
Low-Cost Measurement Technologies for Arsenic |
|
|
28 | |
|
|
28 | |
|
Arsenic-Free Water Supplies |
|
|
31 | |
|
Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Water |
|
|
32 | |
|
Reasons for Slow Progress |
|
|
35 | |
|
|
36 | |
|
|
37 | |
|
|
37 | |
3. Water Quality Issues in Eastern Africa |
|
|
Shem O. Wandiga and Vincent O. Madadi |
|
|
|
|
39 | |
|
Climate Change in Eastern Africa Affects Water Availability |
|
|
39 | |
|
Drastic Water Quality Changes in East Africa |
|
|
42 | |
|
Challenges Facing Lake Victoria |
|
|
44 | |
|
Human Waste Disposal: An Ignored Factor |
|
|
45 | |
|
Polychlorinated Biphenyls |
|
|
50 | |
|
Pesticide Residues in the Tropical Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems |
|
|
56 | |
|
|
57 | |
|
|
59 | |
|
|
61 | |
|
|
63 | |
|
|
64 | |
4. Effect of Human Land Development on Water Quality |
|
|
|
|
|
67 | |
|
Impacts of Land Clearing on Receiving Waters |
|
|
68 | |
|
Agriculture and Water Pollution |
|
|
69 | |
|
Human Health Pollutants from Agriculture |
|
|
70 | |
|
Ecosystem Pollution from Agriculture |
|
|
71 | |
|
Best Management Practices to Reduce Agricultural Runoff |
|
|
74 | |
|
Agriculture and Pesticides |
|
|
74 | |
|
Urbanization and Hydrological Impacts |
|
|
75 | |
|
Urban Poll utionOn-Site Wastewater Treatment Issues |
|
|
75 | |
|
Septic Systems and Fecal Microbial Pollution |
|
|
77 | |
|
Septic Systems and Nutrient Pollution |
|
|
78 | |
|
Minimizing Problems from Septic Systems |
|
|
79 | |
|
|
79 | |
|
Urban and Suburban Stormwater Runoff |
|
|
79 | |
|
Impacts of Urban Stormwater Runoff on Aquatic Ecosystems |
|
|
80 | |
|
Urban Stormwater Runoff and Human Health |
|
|
81 | |
|
Stormwater Runoff Solutions |
|
|
85 | |
|
|
89 | |
|
|
90 | |
5. Sampling and Analysis of Arsenic in Groundwater in West Bengal, India, and Bangladesh |
|
|
Mohammad M. Rahman, Bhaskar Das, and Dipankar Chakraborti |
|
|
|
|
95 | |
|
Collection, Preservation of Water Samples, and Analytical Methods for the Determination of Total Arsenic |
|
|
98 | |
|
Quality Assurance and Quality Control Programs |
|
|
102 | |
|
|
103 | |
|
Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater of West Bengal |
|
|
103 | |
|
Arsenic in Hand Tube Wells in All 64 Districts of Bangladesh |
|
|
114 | |
|
Source and Mechanism of Arsenic Contamination |
|
|
122 | |
|
Conclusions and Recommendations |
|
|
122 | |
|
|
126 | |
|
|
126 | |
6. Forensic Water Quality Investigations: Identifying Pollution Sources and Polluters |
|
|
Lawrence B. Cahoon and Robert H. Cutting |
|
|
|
|
131 | |
|
Quality Assurance/Quality Control |
|
|
132 | |
|
|
133 | |
|
|
135 | |
|
Working with the Laboratory |
|
|
135 | |
|
|
135 | |
|
Legal Tools to Obtain Evidence |
|
|
138 | |
|
|
138 | |
|
|
139 | |
|
|
140 | |
|
|
141 | |
|
|
142 | |
|
|
143 | |
|
|
144 | |
|
|
144 | |
|
|
145 | |
7. Regulatory Considerations to Ensure Clean and Safe Drinking Water |
|
|
Craig L. Patterson and Roy C. Haught |
|
|
|
|
147 | |
|
EPA Strategic Goals for "Clean and Safe Water" |
|
|
148 | |
|
Drinking Water Regulations |
|
|
149 | |
|
|
149 | |
|
|
149 | |
|
|
151 | |
|
|
152 | |
|
Contaminant Candidate List |
|
|
152 | |
|
Drinking Water Compliance Issues |
|
|
152 | |
|
|
155 | |
|
|
155 | |
|
|
156 | |
|
Quantification of Toxicological Effects |
|
|
156 | |
|
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Potential |
|
|
156 | |
|
|
157 | |
|
|
158 | |
|
|
159 | |
|
|
159 | |
|
|
161 | |
|
|
166 | |
|
Distribution System Integrity |
|
|
169 | |
|
Water Quality Monitoring Systems |
|
|
171 | |
|
|
172 | |
|
Homeland Security/Emergency Response |
|
|
174 | |
|
|
175 | |
|
Current Research Priorities |
|
|
175 | |
|
Future Research Priorities |
|
|
176 | |
|
|
176 | |
|
|
176 | |
|
|
176 | |
8. Microbiological Threats to Water Quality |
|
|
Lawrence B. Cahoon and Bongkeun Song |
|
|
|
|
181 | |
|
|
184 | |
|
Microbial Contamination Indicators |
|
|
185 | |
|
Microbial Source Tracking |
|
|
186 | |
|
|
189 | |
|
|
190 | |
|
|
190 | |
9. Monitoring Inorganic Compounds |
|
|
Pamela Heckel and Tracy Dombek |
|
|
|
|
198 | |
|
Techniques Used to Identify and Quantify Inorganic Constituents in Water |
|
|
198 | |
|
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry |
|
|
201 | |
|
|
203 | |
|
High Performance Liquid Chromatography |
|
|
204 | |
|
|
205 | |
|
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry |
|
|
205 | |
|
UVVis Absorption Spectroscopy |
|
|
206 | |
|
Methods to Identify Typical Inorganic Compounds in Water |
|
|
207 | |
|
|
207 | |
|
|
207 | |
|
|
207 | |
|
|
207 | |
|
|
208 | |
|
|
208 | |
|
|
208 | |
|
|
208 | |
|
|
208 | |
|
|
209 | |
|
|
209 | |
|
Long-Term Monitoring Network for Atmospheric Deposition |
|
|
209 | |
|
|
211 | |
|
|
211 | |
10. Radionuclides in Surface Water and Groundwater |
|
|
|
|
Radioactive Compounds and Radioactivity |
|
|
213 | |
|
|
214 | |
|
|
215 | |
|
Radionuclide Toxicity and Metabolism |
|
|
219 | |
|
Primary Radioactive Contaminants: Sources, Uses, and Disposal |
|
|
219 | |
|
|
220 | |
|
|
220 | |
|
|
220 | |
|
Radon Emissions from Soil Minerals and Groundwater |
|
|
221 | |
|
Radioactive Compounds in Water |
|
|
222 | |
|
Regulation of Radioactive Wastes and Water Standards |
|
|
222 | |
|
Analysis of Radioactive Compounds in Water |
|
|
223 | |
|
Examples of Radionuclide Contamination in Groundwater |
|
|
226 | |
|
Biogeochemical Processes Controlling Uranium Fate and Transport |
|
|
227 | |
|
|
228 | |
|
|
229 | |
|
Remediation of Uranium Contamination |
|
|
229 | |
|
|
229 | |
|
|
230 | |
|
Biogeochemistry of Other Radionuclides |
|
|
232 | |
|
|
232 | |
|
|
233 | |
|
|
233 | |
11. Volatile and Semivolatile Contaminants |
|
|
|
|
|
237 | |
|
Boiling Points of Some VOCs |
|
|
237 | |
|
Classification of Volatile Organic Compounds |
|
|
238 | |
|
Sources of Contamination of VOCs and Their Health Effects |
|
|
238 | |
|
|
241 | |
|
|
246 | |
|
|
247 | |
|
|
247 | |
|
|
252 | |
|
|
256 | |
|
|
256 | |
|
|
257 | |
12. Monitoring Disinfectants |
|
|
|
|
|
259 | |
|
|
260 | |
|
Mechanisms of Disinfectants |
|
|
261 | |
|
Factors Influencing the Action of Disinfectants |
|
|
262 | |
|
|
264 | |
|
Disinfection with Chlorine (Free and Combined) |
|
|
264 | |
|
Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide |
|
|
267 | |
|
|
268 | |
|
Disinfection with UV Light |
|
|
268 | |
|
|
270 | |
|
|
270 | |
|
Regulations Governing Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products Monitoring |
|
|
270 | |
|
Disinfectants/Disinfection By-products Rules |
|
|
271 | |
|
Sampling and Monitoring for D/DBPs |
|
|
273 | |
|
|
274 | |
|
Using CtValues for Monitoring Disinfectants |
|
|
274 | |
|
Disinfection By-products Control |
|
|
278 | |
|
|
281 | |
|
|
283 | |
|
|
283 | |
|
|
284 | |
|
|
285 | |
|
|
286 | |
|
|
286 | |
13. The Evolution of Analytical Technology and Its Impact on Water-Quality Studies for Selected Herbicides and Their Degradation Products in Water |
|
|
Michael T. Meyer and Elisabeth A. Scribner |
|
|
|
|
289 | |
|
|
291 | |
|
|
291 | |
|
Perspective on Role of Analytical Methods Development |
|
|
293 | |
|
|
293 | |
|
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry |
|
|
293 | |
|
Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry |
|
|
294 | |
|
Enzyme-Linked lmmunosorbent Assay |
|
|
295 | |
|
|
296 | |
|
|
297 | |
|
|
302 | |
|
|
304 | |
|
|
306 | |
|
|
307 | |
14. Monitoring of Pharmaceutical Residues in Sewage Effluents |
|
|
Zulin Zhang, Darren P. Grover, and John L. Zhou |
|
|
|
|
315 | |
|
|
321 | |
|
|
327 | |
|
|
331 | |
|
Analytical Quality Controls |
|
|
335 | |
|
|
336 | |
|
|
337 | |
|
|
337 | |
15. Monitoring for Terrorist-Related Contamination |
|
|
|
|
|
343 | |
|
What Is the Terrorist Threat to Water? |
|
|
344 | |
|
What Is a Backflow Attack? |
|
|
345 | |
|
|
346 | |
|
What Should an Early Warning System Look Like? |
|
|
346 | |
|
What Should a Monitoring System Detect? |
|
|
347 | |
|
Water Analysis Presents Many Problems |
|
|
348 | |
|
|
350 | |
|
Problems with Toxicity Testing |
|
|
357 | |
|
Sensor Arrays and Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies |
|
|
358 | |
|
Bulk Parameter Monitoring |
|
|
360 | |
|
Other Online Technologies |
|
|
364 | |
|
UV Absorption and Fluorescence |
|
|
365 | |
|
Particle Counting and Characterization with Optical Methods |
|
|
365 | |
|
|
366 | |
|
Technologies Currently More Suited for Field Confirmatory Analysis |
|
|
366 | |
|
|
367 | |
|
Polymerase Chain Reaction Technology |
|
|
367 | |
|
Adenosine Triphosphate Detection |
|
|
369 | |
|
Rapid Tests for Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Substances (Nerve Agents and Pesticides) |
|
|
369 | |
|
|
370 | |
|
Multiparameter Hand-held Devices |
|
|
370 | |
|
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy |
|
|
371 | |
|
Ion Mobility Spectroscopy |
|
|
372 | |
|
Surface Acoustic Wave Technology |
|
|
373 | |
|
|
373 | |
|
|
375 | |
16. Groundwater Arsenic Removal Technologies Based on Sorbents: Field Applications and Sustainability |
|
|
Sad Ahamed, Abul Hussam, and Abul K.M. Munir |
|
|
|
|
380 | |
|
Physicochemical Basis of Arsenic Removal |
|
|
382 | |
|
Speciation of Arsenic in Water |
|
|
382 | |
|
Surface-Complexation Reactions |
|
|
383 | |
|
Adsorption Isotherm Models for the Evaluation of Sorption Data |
|
|
385 | |
|
Kinetic Models for the Evaluation of the Sorption Data |
|
|
385 | |
|
Scaleup Approach: Fixed-Bed Column Design by the Kinetic Approach |
|
|
388 | |
|
Arsenic Removal Processes |
|
|
388 | |
|
Arsenic Removal Based on Iron |
|
|
390 | |
|
Arsenic Removal Technologies Tested in Bangladesh, Nepal, and India |
|
|
396 | |
|
READ-F Based on Hydrous Cerium Oxide on Polymer Sorbent |
|
|
400 | |
|
Alcan Filter Based on Enhanced Activated Alumina |
|
|
400 | |
|
SONO Filter Based on Composite Iron Matrix |
|
|
400 | |
|
Sidco Filter Based on Granular Ferric Hydroxide |
|
|
401 | |
|
Oxide India (P) Based on Activated Alumina |
|
|
401 | |
|
Arsenic Filters Tested in the United States |
|
|
402 | |
|
Sustainability and Management of Spent Material |
|
|
402 | |
|
Filter Evaluation Through Environmental Technology Verifications |
|
|
406 | |
|
|
408 | |
|
|
409 | |
Index |
|
419 | |