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E-grāmata: Handbook of Water Purity and Quality

Edited by (President, Ahuja Consulting for Water Quality, Calabash, NC, USA)
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 17-Jul-2009
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080921129
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  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 17-Jul-2009
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080921129
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This work provides those involved in water purification research and administration with a comprehensive resources of methods for analyzing water to assure its safety from contaminants, both natural and human-caused. The book first provides an overview of major water-related issues in developing and developed countries, followed by a review of issues of sampling for water analysis, regulatory considerations and forensics in water quality and purity investigations. The subsequent chapters cover microbial as well chemical contaminations from inorganic compounds, radionuclides, volatile and semivolatile compounds, disinfectants, herbicides, and pharmaceuticals including endocrine disruptors as well as potential terrorist-related contamination. The last chapter describes the Grainger prize-winning filter that can remove arsenic from water sources and sufficiently protect the health of a large number of people.

- Covers the scope of water contamination problems on a worldwide scale.
- Provides a rich source of methods for analyzing water to assure its safety from natural and deliberate contaminants.
- Describes filter that won the million dollar Grainger price and thereby highlighting an important approach to remediation.

This work provides those involved in water purification research and administration with a comprehensive resource of methods for analyzing water to assure its safety from contaminants, both natural and human caused. The book first provides an overview of major water-related issues in developing and developed countries, followed by a review of issues of sampling for water analysis, regulatory considerations and forensics in water quality and purity investigations. The subsequent chapters cover microbial as well chemical contaminations from inorganic compounds, radionuclides, volatile and semi-volatile compounds, disinfectants, herbicides, and pharmaceuticals, including endocrine disruptors, as well as potential terrorist-related contamination. The last chapter describes the Grainger prize-winning filter that can remove arsenic from water sources and sufficiently protect the health of a large number of people.

- Covers the scope of water contamination problems on a worldwide scale
- Provides a rich source of methods for analyzing water to assure its safety from natural and deliberate contaminants
- Describes the filter that won the $1 million Grainger prize and thereby highlighting an important approach to remediation

Papildus informācija

This book provides the authoritative source for methods of water purity analysis.
Preface xiii
Contributors xv
1. Overview
Satinder Ahuja
Introduction
1
Water Pollution Worldwide
3
Monitoring Contaminants
6
What Is Potable Water?
7
Delineation of a Major Problem of Arsenic-Contaminated Groundwater
7
Water Quality in Eastern Africa
9
Effect of Land Development
10
Sampling and Analysis of Arsenic in Groundwater in Bangladesh and India
10
Forensic Water Quality Investigations
11
Regulatory Considerations
11
Microbial Analysis
12
Monitoring Inorganic Compounds
12
Radionuclides in Surface- and Groundwater
13
Volatile and Semivolatile Contaminants
13
Monitoring Disinfectants
13
Herbicides and Their Degradation Products
14
Pharmaceuticals in Sewage Effluents
14
Monitoring Terrorist-Related Contamination
15
Groundwater Arsenic-Removal Technologies Based on Sorbents
15
References
16
2. Delineation of a Major Worldwide Problem of Arsenic-Contaminated Groundwater
Satinder Ahuja
Introduction
17
Investigations into the Problem
19
Toxicity of Various Arsenic Species
21
Impact of Arsenic-Laced Irrigation Water on the Food Chain
23
Mechanism of Arsenic Contamination of Water
24
Weathering of Arsenopyrite
24
Role of Microbes in the Release of Arsenic into Groundwater
25
Analytical Methods
27
Low-Cost Measurement Technologies for Arsenic
28
Test Kit Reliability
28
Arsenic-Free Water Supplies
31
Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Water
32
Reasons for Slow Progress
35
Viable Solutions
36
Conclusions
37
References
37
3. Water Quality Issues in Eastern Africa
Shem O. Wandiga and Vincent O. Madadi
Introduction
39
Climate Change in Eastern Africa Affects Water Availability
39
Drastic Water Quality Changes in East Africa
42
Challenges Facing Lake Victoria
44
Human Waste Disposal: An Ignored Factor
45
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
50
Pesticide Residues in the Tropical Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
56
Short Rain Season
57
Dry Season
59
Heavy Rain Season
61
Conclusions
63
References
64
4. Effect of Human Land Development on Water Quality
Michael A. Mallin
Introduction
67
Impacts of Land Clearing on Receiving Waters
68
Agriculture and Water Pollution
69
Human Health Pollutants from Agriculture
70
Ecosystem Pollution from Agriculture
71
Best Management Practices to Reduce Agricultural Runoff
74
Agriculture and Pesticides
74
Urbanization and Hydrological Impacts
75
Urban Poll ution—On-Site Wastewater Treatment Issues
75
Septic Systems and Fecal Microbial Pollution
77
Septic Systems and Nutrient Pollution
78
Minimizing Problems from Septic Systems
79
Stormwater Runoff
79
Urban and Suburban Stormwater Runoff
79
Impacts of Urban Stormwater Runoff on Aquatic Ecosystems
80
Urban Stormwater Runoff and Human Health
81
Stormwater Runoff Solutions
85
Summary and Conclusions
89
References
90
5. Sampling and Analysis of Arsenic in Groundwater in West Bengal, India, and Bangladesh
Mohammad M. Rahman, Bhaskar Das, and Dipankar Chakraborti
Introduction
95
Collection, Preservation of Water Samples, and Analytical Methods for the Determination of Total Arsenic
98
Quality Assurance and Quality Control Programs
102
Results and Discussion
103
Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater of West Bengal
103
Arsenic in Hand Tube Wells in All 64 Districts of Bangladesh
114
Source and Mechanism of Arsenic Contamination
122
Conclusions and Recommendations
122
Acknowledgments
126
References
126
6. Forensic Water Quality Investigations: Identifying Pollution Sources and Polluters
Lawrence B. Cahoon and Robert H. Cutting
Introduction
131
Quality Assurance/Quality Control
132
Basic Site Research
133
Sampling
135
Working with the Laboratory
135
Types of Evidence
135
Legal Tools to Obtain Evidence
138
Access and Entry
138
Witnesses
139
Documentary Evidence
140
Photography
141
Quantitative Reasoning
142
Presentation of Findings
143
Conclusions
144
References
144
Cases
145
7. Regulatory Considerations to Ensure Clean and Safe Drinking Water
Craig L. Patterson and Roy C. Haught
Introduction
147
EPA Strategic Goals for "Clean and Safe Water"
148
Drinking Water Regulations
149
History
149
The Rule-making Process
149
Clean Water Act
151
Safe Drinking Water Act
152
Contaminant Candidate List
152
Drinking Water Compliance Issues
152
Human Health Research
155
Toxicokinetics
155
Health Effects Data
156
Quantification of Toxicological Effects
156
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Potential
156
Risk Assessment
157
Drinking Water Research
158
Risk Management
159
Source Water Management
159
Treatment Technologies
161
Residuals Management
166
Distribution System Integrity
169
Water Quality Monitoring Systems
171
Monitoring Equipment
172
Homeland Security/Emergency Response
174
Research Priorities
175
Current Research Priorities
175
Future Research Priorities
176
Summary and Conclusions
176
Acknowledgments
176
References
176
8. Microbiological Threats to Water Quality
Lawrence B. Cahoon and Bongkeun Song
Introduction
181
Quantification Methods
184
Microbial Contamination Indicators
185
Microbial Source Tracking
186
Sampling Issues
189
Conclusions
190
References
190
9. Monitoring Inorganic Compounds
Pamela Heckel and Tracy Dombek
Overview
198
Techniques Used to Identify and Quantify Inorganic Constituents in Water
198
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
201
Gas Chromatography
203
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
204
Ion Chromatography
205
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry
205
UV–Vis Absorption Spectroscopy
206
Methods to Identify Typical Inorganic Compounds in Water
207
Arsenic
207
Copper
207
Disinfection By-products
207
Fluoride
207
Iron
208
Lead
208
Manganese
208
Mercury
208
Nitrate
208
Sodium
209
Sulfate
209
Long-Term Monitoring Network for Atmospheric Deposition
209
Conclusions
211
References
211
10. Radionuclides in Surface Water and Groundwater
Kate M. Campbell
Radioactive Compounds and Radioactivity
213
Radioactive Decay
214
Exposure to Radiation
215
Radionuclide Toxicity and Metabolism
219
Primary Radioactive Contaminants: Sources, Uses, and Disposal
219
Nuclear Reactors
220
Medical Applications
220
Mill Tailings
220
Radon Emissions from Soil Minerals and Groundwater
221
Radioactive Compounds in Water
222
Regulation of Radioactive Wastes and Water Standards
222
Analysis of Radioactive Compounds in Water
223
Examples of Radionuclide Contamination in Groundwater
226
Biogeochemical Processes Controlling Uranium Fate and Transport
227
Uranium(VI) Reduction
228
Uranium(IV) Oxidation
229
Remediation of Uranium Contamination
229
Remediation Technologies
229
Bioremediation
230
Biogeochemistry of Other Radionuclides
232
Conclusions
232
Acknowledgments
233
References
233
11. Volatile and Semivolatile Contaminants
Satinder Ahuja
Introduction
237
Boiling Points of Some VOCs
237
Classification of Volatile Organic Compounds
238
Sources of Contamination of VOCs and Their Health Effects
238
Semivolatile Compounds
241
Monitoring VOCs and SOCs
246
Odors in Drinking Water
247
Analysis of VOCs
247
Analysis of SOCs
252
Remediation
256
Conclusions
256
References
257
12. Monitoring Disinfectants
Taha F. Marhaba
Introduction
259
Theory of Disinfection
260
Mechanisms of Disinfectants
261
Factors Influencing the Action of Disinfectants
262
Methods of Disinfection
264
Disinfection with Chlorine (Free and Combined)
264
Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide
267
Disinfection with Ozone
268
Disinfection with UV Light
268
Monitoring Disinfectants
270
Disinfection By-products
270
Regulations Governing Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products Monitoring
270
Disinfectants/Disinfection By-products Rules
271
Sampling and Monitoring for D/DBPs
273
Analytical Methods
274
Using CtValues for Monitoring Disinfectants
274
Disinfection By-products Control
278
Using Chlorine
281
Using Chloramines
283
Using Chlorine Dioxide
283
Using Ozone
284
Conclusions
285
Acknowledgments
286
References
286
13. The Evolution of Analytical Technology and Its Impact on Water-Quality Studies for Selected Herbicides and Their Degradation Products in Water
Michael T. Meyer and Elisabeth A. Scribner
Introduction
289
Herbicide Use
291
Commonly Used Herbicides
291
Perspective on Role of Analytical Methods Development
293
Mass Spectrometry
293
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
293
Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
294
Enzyme-Linked lmmunosorbent Assay
295
Water-Quality Studies
296
Surface Water
297
Groundwater
302
Precipitation
304
Conclusions
306
References
307
14. Monitoring of Pharmaceutical Residues in Sewage Effluents
Zulin Zhang, Darren P. Grover, and John L. Zhou
Introduction
315
Sampling
321
Sample Preparation
327
Instrumental Analysis
331
Analytical Quality Controls
335
Other Techniques
336
Summary and Conclusions
337
References
337
15. Monitoring for Terrorist-Related Contamination
Dan Kroll
Introduction
343
What Is the Terrorist Threat to Water?
344
What Is a Backflow Attack?
345
Online Monitoring
346
What Should an Early Warning System Look Like?
346
What Should a Monitoring System Detect?
347
Water Analysis Presents Many Problems
348
Toxicity Monitoring
350
Problems with Toxicity Testing
357
Sensor Arrays and Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies
358
Bulk Parameter Monitoring
360
Other Online Technologies
364
UV Absorption and Fluorescence
365
Particle Counting and Characterization with Optical Methods
365
Gas Chromatography
366
Technologies Currently More Suited for Field Confirmatory Analysis
366
Immunoassays
367
Polymerase Chain Reaction Technology
367
Adenosine Triphosphate Detection
369
Rapid Tests for Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Substances (Nerve Agents and Pesticides)
369
Infrared Spectroscopy
370
Multiparameter Hand-held Devices
370
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
371
Ion Mobility Spectroscopy
372
Surface Acoustic Wave Technology
373
Summary and Conclusions
373
References
375
16. Groundwater Arsenic Removal Technologies Based on Sorbents: Field Applications and Sustainability
Sad Ahamed, Abul Hussam, and Abul K.M. Munir
Introduction
380
Physicochemical Basis of Arsenic Removal
382
Speciation of Arsenic in Water
382
Surface-Complexation Reactions
383
Adsorption Isotherm Models for the Evaluation of Sorption Data
385
Kinetic Models for the Evaluation of the Sorption Data
385
Scaleup Approach: Fixed-Bed Column Design by the Kinetic Approach
388
Arsenic Removal Processes
388
Arsenic Removal Based on Iron
390
Arsenic Removal Technologies Tested in Bangladesh, Nepal, and India
396
READ-F Based on Hydrous Cerium Oxide on Polymer Sorbent
400
Alcan Filter Based on Enhanced Activated Alumina
400
SONO Filter Based on Composite Iron Matrix
400
Sidco Filter Based on Granular Ferric Hydroxide
401
Oxide India (P) Based on Activated Alumina
401
Arsenic Filters Tested in the United States
402
Sustainability and Management of Spent Material
402
Filter Evaluation Through Environmental Technology Verifications
406
Conclusions and Outlook
408
References
409
Index 419
Satinder Ahuja is a leading expert on water quality improvement. He earned his PhD in analytical chemistry from the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia. He worked for Novartis Corp. in various leadership positions for over 25 years and taught as an adjunct professor at Pace University for over 10 years. As president of Ahuja Consulting, he advises on water quality issues relating to chemicals and pharmaceuticals. A member of the executive committee of the Rivers of the World Foundation (ROW), Dr. Ahuja has organized numerous global symposia on improving water quality, including presentations for the American Chemical Society and UNESCO. Dr. Ahuja has published numerous papers and more than 25 books. His latest books are Contaminants in Our Water (ACS, 2020); Evaluating Water Quality to Prevent Future Disasters (Elsevier, 2019); Advances in Water Purification Techniques (Elsevier, 2019); and Chemistry and Water (Elsevier, 2017).