| About the author |
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xiii | |
| Preface to the fourth edition |
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xv | |
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1 Hormones: an introduction |
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1 | (28) |
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1 | (10) |
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1 | (1) |
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B Review of animal cell structure |
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2 | (4) |
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C Hormones and their communication systems |
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6 | (1) |
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D Biosynthesis of peptide and protein hormones |
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7 | (2) |
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E Regulation of hormone synthesis, secretion, and serum levels |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (7) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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C The nuclear receptor family |
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13 | (3) |
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D Measurement of hormone-receptor interactions |
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16 | (2) |
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III Mechanisms of hormone action |
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18 | (6) |
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A Cell signaling by membrane receptors |
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18 | (3) |
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B Regulation of gene transcription by steroid hormones |
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21 | (2) |
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C Membrane-initiated actions by steroid hormones |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (3) |
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27 | (2) |
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2 Steroid hormones: chemistry, biosynthesis, and metabolism |
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29 | (28) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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D Molecular biology contributions |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (9) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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C Structural modification |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (2) |
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E Conformational flexibility of steroids |
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35 | (3) |
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F Other steroid structures |
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38 | (1) |
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III Biosynthesis of steroids |
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39 | (14) |
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39 | (1) |
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B Properties steroidogenic enzymes |
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40 | (10) |
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C Biosynthesis of pregnenolone and progestins |
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50 | (1) |
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D Biosynthesis of adrenal cortex mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and some androgens |
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51 | (1) |
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E Biosynthesis of androgens |
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51 | (1) |
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F Biosynthesis of progesterone and estrogens |
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52 | (1) |
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G Biosynthesis of vitamin D metabolites |
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52 | (1) |
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H Biosynthesis of bile acids |
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53 | (1) |
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IV Serum-binding proteins for steroid hormones |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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B Serum-binding proteins for steroid hormones |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (3) |
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3 The hypothalamus and anterior pituitary |
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57 | (34) |
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57 | (2) |
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A Overview and CNS control of the hypothalamus |
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57 | (1) |
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B Hypothalamic control of the pituitary gland |
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57 | (1) |
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C Pituitary control of distal endocrine glands |
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58 | (1) |
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D Neuroendocrine axis feedback |
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59 | (1) |
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II Anatomical relationships |
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59 | (4) |
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A Hypothalamic-pituitary anatomy |
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59 | (2) |
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B Hypothalamic neural connections |
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61 | (1) |
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C Hypothalamic-pituitary circulatory system |
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61 | (2) |
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III Structure, synthesis, secretion, and target cells of the hypothalamic releasing hormones |
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63 | (9) |
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A Thyrotropin-releasing hormone |
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64 | (1) |
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B Gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
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65 | (2) |
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C Corticotropin-releasing hormone |
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67 | (1) |
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D Hypothalamic control of growth hormone secretion |
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68 | (3) |
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E Hypothalamic control of prolactin secretion |
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71 | (1) |
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IV Chemistry of the anterior pituitary hormones |
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72 | (5) |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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D POMC derivatives: ACTH, α-MSH, β-lipotropin, endorphin |
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75 | (2) |
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V Regulation and biological actions of growth hormone and prolactin |
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77 | (8) |
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77 | (5) |
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82 | (3) |
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VI The hypothalamus and appetite regulation |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (2) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (2) |
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4 Posterior pituitary hormones |
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91 | (10) |
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91 | (1) |
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II Anatomy of the posterior pituitary |
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91 | (1) |
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III Chemistry, biosynthesis, and secretion of the posterior pituitary hormones |
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91 | (2) |
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A Structures of oxytocin and vasopressin |
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91 | (1) |
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B Synthesis and secretion of vasopressin and oxytocin |
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91 | (2) |
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IV Biological actions of AVP |
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93 | (3) |
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93 | (2) |
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B AVP regulation of water handling |
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95 | (1) |
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C Cardiovascular effects of AVP |
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96 | (1) |
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D Effects of AVP on glucose homeostasis |
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96 | (1) |
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E Effects of AVP on ACTH secretion |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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V Biological actions of oxytocin |
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96 | (2) |
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96 | (1) |
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B Oxytocin and parturition |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (22) |
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101 | (1) |
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A The thyroid gland and its hormones |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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II Anatomy of the thyroid gland |
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101 | (2) |
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III Chemistry of the thyroid hormones |
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103 | (1) |
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IV Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones |
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103 | (8) |
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A The thyroid epithelial cell |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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C Iodide uptake: the Na+/l- symporter |
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105 | (2) |
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D Thyroid peroxidase and DUOX: tyrosine iodination and coupling |
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107 | (1) |
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E Thyroglobulin storage, endocytosis, and breakdown |
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107 | (1) |
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F Secretion of T4 and T3 and recycling of I- |
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108 | (1) |
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G Transport and metabolism of thyroid hormones |
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108 | (3) |
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111 | (1) |
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V Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion |
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111 | (2) |
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A The hypothalamic---pituitary---thyroid axis |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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C Effects of TSH on the thyroid epithelial cell |
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113 | (1) |
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VI Biological actions of T3 |
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113 | (5) |
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A Thyroid hormone receptor |
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114 | (1) |
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B Membrane-mediated actions of thyroid hormone |
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115 | (1) |
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C Basal metabolic rate and thermogenesis |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (3) |
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A Clinical features of hyper- and hypothyroidism |
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118 | (1) |
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B Hyperthyroidism: etiology and treatment |
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119 | (1) |
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C Hypothyroidism: etiology and treatment |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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6 Pancreatic hormones: insulin and glucagon |
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123 | (36) |
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123 | (5) |
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123 | (1) |
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B Regulation of blood glucose |
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123 | (1) |
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C Nutritional and metabolic interrelationships |
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124 | (4) |
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II Anatomical, morphological, and physiological relationships |
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128 | (2) |
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A Anatomy of the hepatopancreatic complex |
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128 | (2) |
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III Chemistry, biochemistry, and biological activities of the pancreatic hormones |
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130 | (24) |
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130 | (10) |
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B Glucagon and glucagon-like peptides |
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140 | (3) |
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C Insulin and glucagon collaborations |
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143 | (6) |
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149 | (4) |
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E Other pancreatic hormones |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (2) |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (3) |
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7 Gastrointestinal hormones |
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159 | (36) |
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159 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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B Resume of the gastrointestinal hormones |
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159 | (1) |
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C Problems of food processing and digestion |
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159 | (2) |
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II Anatomical and physiological relationships |
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161 | (11) |
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A Castroenteropancreatic system |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (4) |
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C Small intestine and colon |
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165 | (1) |
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D Hormone-secreting cells: their distribution in the gastroenteropancreatic complex |
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166 | (1) |
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E Pancreatic, biliary, and intestinal secretions |
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167 | (2) |
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F Coordination of gastroenteropancreatic hormone release |
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169 | (2) |
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G Motor functions of the intestinal tract |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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III Biochemical properties and molecular actions |
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172 | (15) |
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172 | (1) |
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B Cholecystokinin/gastrin family |
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173 | (4) |
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C Secretin family: secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide |
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177 | (2) |
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D Pancreatic polypeptide family: peptide YY and neuropeptide Y |
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179 | (1) |
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E Bombesin and related peptides: gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin C |
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179 | (2) |
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F Tachykinin family: substance P and neurokinins A and B |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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H Calcitonin gene---related peptide family: amylin |
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181 | (1) |
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I Enteroglucagon and oxyntomodulin |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (3) |
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M Ghrelin, leptin, and energy use |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (5) |
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187 | (4) |
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191 | (1) |
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C Zollinger-Ellison syndrome |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (3) |
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195 | (18) |
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195 | (1) |
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II Structure and nomenclature of eicosanoids |
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196 | (2) |
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III Synthesis and inactivation of eicosanoids |
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198 | (7) |
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A Overview of eicosanoid synthesis |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (3) |
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C Prostaglandin H synthase/cyclooxygenase |
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201 | (1) |
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D Cyclooxygenase inhibitors |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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F Transport and inactivation of prostanoids |
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203 | (2) |
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IV Eicosanoid receptors and signaling |
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205 | (1) |
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V Examples of biological actions of prostaglandins |
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206 | (4) |
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A Prostacyclin and thromboxane in the vasculature |
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206 | (1) |
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B Prostaglandins in the kidney |
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207 | (1) |
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C Prostaglandins and pain perception |
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208 | (1) |
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D Prostaglandins in reproduction |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (2) |
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A Prostaglandins and cancer |
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210 | (1) |
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B Leukotrienes in human disease |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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9 Calcium-regulating hormones: vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and fibroblast growth factor 23 |
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213 | (36) |
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213 | (3) |
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213 | (2) |
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B Calcium and phosphorus homeostasis |
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215 | (1) |
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II Anatomical and physiological relationships |
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216 | (5) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (4) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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E Calcitonin-secreting cells |
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221 | (1) |
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III Chemistry and biochemistry |
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221 | (6) |
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A Vitamin D and 1α,25(OH)2D3 |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (2) |
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C Parathyroid hormone---related protein |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (2) |
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E Fibroblast growth factor 23 |
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227 | (1) |
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IV Biology and molecular actions |
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227 | (16) |
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A Parathyroid hormone receptor and biological actions |
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227 | (5) |
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B Parathyroid hormone---related protein receptor and biological actions |
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232 | (1) |
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C Calcitonin receptor and biological actions |
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232 | (1) |
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D Vitamin D receptor and biological actions |
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232 | (9) |
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E Fibroblast growth factor 23 |
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241 | (1) |
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F Integrated actions of 1α,25(OH)2D3, PTH, calcitonin, and FGF23 on bone remodeling and calcium homeostasis |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (5) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (1) |
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E Parathyroid hormone---related protein |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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G Fibroblast growth factor 23 |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (20) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (1) |
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III Biochemistry and biosynthesis of adrenal steroids and testosterone steroids |
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251 | (2) |
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IV Biological and molecular actions of glucocorticoids |
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253 | (10) |
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A Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis |
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253 | (1) |
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B Corticotropin-releasing hormone |
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253 | (1) |
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C Transport of glucocorticoids in the blood (corticosteroid-binding globulin) |
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (1) |
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E Glucocorticoids and stress |
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257 | (3) |
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F Immunosuppression and apoptosis induced by glucocorticoids |
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260 | (1) |
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G Feedback effects of glucocorticoids |
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260 | (1) |
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H The glucocorticoid receptor |
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260 | (1) |
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I Dehydroepiandrosterone and zona reticularis |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (5) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (3) |
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C Congenital adrenal hyperplasia and others |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (1) |
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11 Hormones of the adrenal medulla |
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269 | (18) |
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269 | (1) |
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II Anatomical and physiological relationships |
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269 | (4) |
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269 | (1) |
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B The adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system |
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269 | (1) |
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C Chromaffin cells of the adrenal |
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270 | (3) |
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III Chemistry and biochemistry of the catecholamines |
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273 | (6) |
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A Biosynthesis and secretion of catecholamines |
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273 | (1) |
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B Regulation of catecholamine synthesis and secretion |
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273 | (4) |
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C Catabolism of catecholamines |
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277 | (1) |
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D Pharmacology of catecholamines |
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278 | (1) |
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IV Biological actions of catecholamines |
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279 | (4) |
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279 | (1) |
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B Biological responses to epinephrine |
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280 | (3) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (3) |
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287 | (26) |
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287 | (1) |
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II Anatomy of the male reproductive system |
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287 | (3) |
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A Testes, ducts, and accessory structures |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (1) |
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C Leydig/interstitial cells |
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290 | (1) |
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III Chemistry and metabolism of androgens |
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290 | (5) |
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A Androgens and related molecules |
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290 | (2) |
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292 | (1) |
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C Modification of testosterone in target tissues |
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293 | (1) |
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D Sex hormone---binding globulin |
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294 | (1) |
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E Catabolism of androgens |
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295 | (1) |
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IV Regulation of androgen production |
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295 | (7) |
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A Hypothalamic---pituitary---testes axis: hormonal control of the testis |
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295 | (6) |
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B Hypothalamic---pituitary---testis axis: feedback control |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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V Biological responses to androgens |
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302 | (7) |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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A 5α-Reductase deficiency |
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309 | (1) |
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B Androgen insensitivity syndrome |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (3) |
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13 Estrogens and progestins |
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313 | (24) |
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313 | (1) |
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II Anatomy of the female reproductive system |
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313 | (4) |
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A Components of the female reproductive system |
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313 | (2) |
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B The ovarian follicle and corpus luteum |
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315 | (2) |
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III Chemistry and metabolism of female steroid hormones |
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317 | (4) |
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A Female steroid hormones |
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317 | (3) |
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B Synthesis of progesterone and estrogens |
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320 | (1) |
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C Catabolism of progesterone and estrogens |
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321 | (1) |
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IV Hypothalamic---pituitary---ovary axis |
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321 | (6) |
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321 | (1) |
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B Control of the ovary by the hypothalamus and pituitary |
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322 | (1) |
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C Feedback effects on the hypothalamus and pituitary |
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323 | (1) |
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D The human menstrual cycle |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (1) |
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V Biological responses to female sex steroids |
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327 | (5) |
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A Estrogen and progesterone receptors |
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327 | (3) |
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B Uterine effects of estrogen and progesterone |
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330 | (1) |
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C Effects of estrogen on bone |
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330 | (1) |
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D Estrogen and the cardiovascular system |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (2) |
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332 | (1) |
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B Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy |
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332 | (2) |
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C Polycystic ovary syndrome |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (3) |
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14 Hormones of pregnancy, parturition, and lactation |
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337 | (24) |
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337 | (1) |
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II Anatomical relationships and the beginning of pregnancy |
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337 | (4) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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III Chemistry, biochemistry, and activity of the hormones of pregnancy |
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341 | (6) |
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A Human chorionic gonadotrophin |
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341 | (2) |
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B Placental lactogen and placental growth hormone |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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E Maternal adaptations to pregnancy |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (4) |
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347 | (1) |
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B Progesterone and estrogen |
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348 | (1) |
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C The fetal adrenal, placenta, and posterior pituitary |
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|
349 | (2) |
|
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (6) |
|
A Assisted reproductive technology |
|
|
353 | (4) |
|
|
|
357 | (2) |
|
|
|
359 | (2) |
|
15 Hormones related to the kidney and cardiovascular system |
|
|
361 | (30) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
II Anatomical, morphological, and physiological relationships |
|
|
361 | (6) |
|
|
|
361 | (6) |
|
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
III Homeostasis of fluid, electrolytes, and blood pressure |
|
|
367 | (16) |
|
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
D Aldosterone biosynthesis and actions in renal tubular reabsorption |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
E Atrial natriuretic protein (ANP) system |
|
|
371 | (4) |
|
|
|
375 | (4) |
|
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
IV Hormones and blood cell production |
|
|
383 | (4) |
|
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
B Process of erythropoiesis |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
C Erythropoietin (the protein) |
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
|
387 | (2) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
B Cardiovascular events in hypertension |
|
|
387 | (2) |
|
|
|
389 | (2) |
|
|
|
391 | (12) |
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
II Anatomical features of the pineal gland |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
A Anatomical location and cellular composition |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
B Connection with the visual system |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
III Synthesis and secretion of melatonin |
|
|
392 | (3) |
|
A Melatonin biosynthetic pathway: catabolism |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
B Patterns and regulation of melatonin secretion |
|
|
392 | (3) |
|
IV Biological actions of melatonin |
|
|
395 | (6) |
|
A The melatonin receptors |
|
|
395 | (3) |
|
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
F Melatonin as an antioxidant |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
|
|
403 | (18) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
II Epidermal growth factor |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
A Structure and synthesis |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
B EGF receptors and signaling |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
III Fibroblast growth factor family |
|
|
405 | (6) |
|
A Members of the FGF family |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
B The FGF receptors and signaling |
|
|
406 | (5) |
|
IV Platelet-derived growth factors |
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
B PDGF receptors and signaling |
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
V Insulin-like growth factors |
|
|
413 | (3) |
|
A Structure of insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor 2 |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
B Insulin and IGF receptors and signaling |
|
|
413 | (2) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
VI Transforming growth factor β |
|
|
416 | (2) |
|
A Structure and secretion of TGFβ |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
B TGFβ receptors and signaling |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
| Appendix 1 Compilation of many known hormones in higher mammals and humans |
|
421 | (8) |
| Appendix 2 Human blood concentrations of major hormones |
|
429 | (4) |
| Appendix 3 Clinically relevant endocrine disorders |
|
433 | (4) |
| Appendix 4 The genetic code |
|
437 | (2) |
| Appendix 5 Amino acid abbreviations |
|
439 | (2) |
| Appendix 6 Units of measurement in biological systems |
|
441 | (2) |
| Index |
|
443 | |
