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Introduction to the Human Body |
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1 | (13) |
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Anatomy and Physiology: What They Are |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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Why Do I Need to Know This? |
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2 | (1) |
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The Body's Levels of Organization |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Homeostasis: Staying the Same |
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4 | (3) |
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Anatomical Terms: Talking About the Body |
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7 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Planes and Sections of the Body |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (15) |
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Matter, Elements, and Atoms |
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15 | (2) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Cations, Anions, and Electrolytes |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Some Important Compounds and Molecules |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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Neutralization of Acids and Bases |
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22 | (1) |
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Measurement: The pH Scale |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Energy Transfer: The Role of Adenosine Triphosphate |
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24 | (1) |
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Mixtures, Solutions, and Suspensions |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (3) |
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29 | (18) |
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30 | (5) |
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30 | (3) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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Movement Across the Cell Membrane |
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35 | (6) |
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Passive Transport Mechanisms |
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35 | (5) |
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Active Transport Mechanisms |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Order, Disorder, and Death |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (3) |
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47 | (15) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Protein Synthesis and DNA |
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55 | (5) |
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55 | (3) |
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Steps in Protein Synthesis |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (13) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (2) |
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Microorganisms (Microbes) |
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64 | (2) |
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Other (Multicellular) Disease-Causing Organisms |
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66 | (1) |
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Laboratory Identification of Pathogens |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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Portals of Entry and Exit |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (6) |
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Dr. Semmelweis Screams, ``Wash Those Mitts!'' |
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69 | (1) |
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Flora and Her Vaginal Itch |
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69 | (1) |
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Rick, Nick, and the Sick Tick |
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69 | (1) |
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Why Typhoid Mary Needed to Lose Her Gallbladder |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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The Chief of Staph Reports . . . |
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71 | (3) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (15) |
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76 | (3) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (4) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Types of Connective Tissue |
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80 | (3) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (3) |
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Classification of Membranes |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (3) |
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88 | (2) |
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Integumentary System and Body Temperature |
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90 | (16) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (3) |
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91 | (3) |
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94 | (1) |
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Accessory Structures of the Skin |
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94 | (4) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (2) |
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Body Temperature: Heat Production |
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98 | (1) |
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Body Temperature: Heat Loss |
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98 | (1) |
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Body Temperature: Regulation |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (3) |
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103 | (3) |
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106 | (31) |
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Arrangement and Functions of Bones |
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107 | (1) |
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The Skeletal System: What It Does |
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107 | (1) |
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Many Sizes and Shapes of Bones |
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107 | (1) |
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Bone Tissue and Bone Formation |
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107 | (6) |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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Divisions of the Skeletal System |
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113 | (14) |
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114 | (7) |
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121 | (6) |
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127 | (7) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (3) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (3) |
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137 | (24) |
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Types and Functions of Muscles |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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Structure of the Whole Muscle |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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Layers of Connective Tissue |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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Structure and Function of a Single Muscle Fiber |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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The Role of Calcium and ATP |
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141 | (1) |
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Skeletal Muscles and Nerves |
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141 | (4) |
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141 | (1) |
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The Neuromuscular Junction |
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141 | (4) |
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Responses of a Whole Muscle |
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145 | (1) |
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Partial Versus All-or-Nothing Response |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Energy Source for Muscle Contraction |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Prime Mover, Synergist, and Antagonist |
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146 | (1) |
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Muscle Overuse and Underuse Terms |
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146 | (1) |
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How Skeletal Muscles Are Named |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (11) |
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147 | (5) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Arm |
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154 | (1) |
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Muscles That Move the Lower Arm |
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154 | (1) |
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Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers |
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155 | (1) |
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Muscles That Move the Thigh, Leg, and Foot |
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155 | (3) |
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158 | (3) |
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Nervous System: Nervous Tissue and Brain |
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161 | (25) |
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The Nervous System: Structure and Function |
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162 | (1) |
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Divisions of the Nervous System |
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162 | (1) |
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Functions of the Nervous System |
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162 | (1) |
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Cells That Make Up the Nervous System |
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162 | (4) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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White Matter Versus Gray Matter |
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165 | (1) |
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The Neuron Carrying Information |
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166 | (4) |
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The Nerve Impulse: What It Is |
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166 | (1) |
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The Nerve Impulse: What Causes It |
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167 | (2) |
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The Nerve Impulse: What Causes It to Move |
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169 | (1) |
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The Nerve Impulse: What Causes It to Move Quickly |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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Brain: Structure and Function |
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171 | (7) |
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171 | (5) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Structures Across Divisions of the Brain |
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177 | (1) |
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Protecting the Central Nervous System |
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178 | (5) |
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Bone: First Layer of Protection |
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178 | (1) |
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Meninges: Second Layer of Protection |
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178 | (2) |
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Cerebrospinal Fluid: Third Layer of Protection |
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180 | (1) |
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Blood-Brain Barrier: Fourth Layer of Protection |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (3) |
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Nervous System: Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves |
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186 | (17) |
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187 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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Gray on the Inside, White on the Outside |
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187 | (2) |
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Spinal Nerves Attached to the Spinal Cord |
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189 | (1) |
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What the Spinal Cord Does |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
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193 | (8) |
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193 | (1) |
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Classifying the Peripheral Nervous System |
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194 | (7) |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (12) |
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Autonomic (Visceral) Reflexes |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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Organization and Function of the Autonomic Nervous System |
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204 | (3) |
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Division of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
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204 | (2) |
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Autonomic Terminology, Autonomic Pharmacology |
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206 | (1) |
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Autonomic Tone and Vasomotor Tone |
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206 | (1) |
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Autonomic Nervous System Neurons |
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207 | (2) |
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207 | (1) |
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Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System |
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207 | (1) |
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Neurons of the Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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208 | (1) |
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Naming Fibers and Neurotransmitters |
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209 | (1) |
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Neurotransmitters: Termination of Activity |
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209 | (1) |
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Receptors of the Autonomic Nervous System |
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209 | (4) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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Autonomic Terminology: ``Doing'' Autonomic Pharmacology |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (23) |
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216 | (2) |
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Cells That Detect Stimuli |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (2) |
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218 | (2) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (15) |
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220 | (1) |
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Sense of Taste: The Tongue |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (8) |
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Sense of Hearing: The Ear |
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230 | (3) |
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Sense of Balance: The Ear |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (3) |
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238 | (24) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (4) |
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Classification of Hormones |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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Control of Hormone Secretion |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (4) |
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The Pituitary Gland and the Hypothalamus |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (3) |
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Posterior Pituitary Gland |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (2) |
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247 | (1) |
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What Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4) Do |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (2) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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Blood Calcium: Regulation by PTH and Calcitonin |
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249 | (1) |
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Hyposecretion and Hypersecretion |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (3) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (3) |
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254 | (3) |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (2) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (20) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (2) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (8) |
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265 | (4) |
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269 | (3) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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Hemostasis: Prevention of Blood Loss |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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Formation of a Platelet Plug |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (7) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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Antibodies and Blood Type |
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277 | (1) |
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Antigen-Antibody Interaction |
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277 | (1) |
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Compatibility and Incompatibility of Blood Types |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (16) |
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Function, Location, and Size of the Heart |
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283 | (1) |
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The Heart's Layers and Coverings |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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A Double Pump and Two Circulations |
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284 | (1) |
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The Heart's Chambers and Great Vessels |
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285 | (3) |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (2) |
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Great Vessels of the Heart |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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Pathway of Blood Flow Through the Heart |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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Blood Supply to the Myocardium |
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291 | (2) |
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The ``Achy Breaky'' Heart |
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292 | (1) |
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Cardiac Enzymes and Leaky Cells |
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293 | (1) |
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Cardiac Conduction System |
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293 | (3) |
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Parts of the Cardiac Conduction System |
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293 | (1) |
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Automaticity and Rhythmicity |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (1) |
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PART A. THE COORDINATED AND ADAPTABLE PUMP |
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299 | (4) |
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299 | (1) |
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Autonomic Control of the Heart |
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300 | (1) |
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Why the Autonomic Nervous System? |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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How to Change Stroke Volume |
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302 | (1) |
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Starling's Law of the Heart |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (3) |
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Heart Talk: Clinical Terms |
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303 | (2) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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Heart Talk: Receptor Language |
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305 | (1) |
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Beta1-Adrenergic Receptor Activation |
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305 | (1) |
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Beta1-Adrenergic Receptor Blockade |
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305 | (1) |
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Muscarinic (Cholinergic) Receptor Activation |
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305 | (1) |
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Muscarinic (Cholinergic) Receptor Blockade |
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305 | (1) |
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PART C. THE FAILING HEART: WHEN THE HEART CAN'T PUMP |
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306 | (191) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (3) |
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Goals of Treatment of Heart Failure |
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307 | (3) |
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310 | (2) |
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Anatomy of the Blood Vessels |
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312 | (17) |
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Circles, Circuits, and Circulations |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (3) |
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313 | (2) |
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Blood Vessel Walls: The Layered Look |
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315 | (1) |
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Blood Vessels: What They Do |
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315 | (1) |
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Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation |
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316 | (3) |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (3) |
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Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation |
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319 | (2) |
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319 | (1) |
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Veins That Empty into the Superior Vena Cava |
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319 | (1) |
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Veins That Empty into the Inferior Vena Cava |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (5) |
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Blood Supply to the Head and Brain |
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321 | (1) |
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Blood Supply to the Liver and the Hepatic Portal Circulation |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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What Can You Learn About Patients by Feeling Their Pulse? |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (2) |
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Functions of the Blood Vessels |
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329 | (16) |
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The Blood Vessels Deliver |
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330 | (1) |
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Blood Vessels Regulate Blood Pressure |
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330 | (8) |
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Measurement of Blood Pressure |
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330 | (1) |
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Blood Pressure in Different Blood Vessels |
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331 | (1) |
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How Venous Blood Flows Back to the Heart |
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331 | (2) |
|
How the Heart and Blood Vessels Determine Blood Pressure |
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
Putting It Together: Determining Blood Pressure |
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|
335 | (1) |
|
How Blood Pressure Stays Within Normal Limits |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
Blood Vessels Act as Exchange Vessels |
|
|
338 | (2) |
|
What Is an Exchange Vessel? |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Why Capillaries Are Good Exchange Vessels |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Capillary Forces: Running Downhill, Pushing, and Pulling |
|
|
338 | (2) |
|
Blood Vessels Distribute Blood Flow |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
Blood Vessels Regulate Body Temperature |
|
|
341 | (1) |
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|
342 | (3) |
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|
345 | (9) |
|
|
346 | (2) |
|
Lymph: What It Is, Where It Comes From |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Movement Through the Lymphatic Vessels |
|
|
347 | (1) |
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|
348 | (4) |
|
|
348 | (1) |
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|
348 | (2) |
|
|
350 | (1) |
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|
350 | (2) |
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|
352 | (2) |
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354 | (15) |
|
Classification of the Immune System |
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|
355 | (8) |
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|
356 | (3) |
|
Specific Immunity: Third Line of Defense |
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|
359 | (4) |
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|
363 | (2) |
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|
363 | (1) |
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|
363 | (2) |
|
Other Immunologic Responses |
|
|
365 | (2) |
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|
365 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (1) |
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|
366 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
|
369 | (26) |
|
Structure: Organs of the Respiratory System |
|
|
370 | (8) |
|
Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract |
|
|
370 | (1) |
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|
370 | (2) |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
372 | (2) |
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
Bronchial Tree: Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Alveoli |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Collapsed and Expanded Lungs |
|
|
378 | (3) |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
Saying It Another Way: Compliance |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
381 | (11) |
|
Three Steps in Respiration |
|
|
381 | (6) |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
Variations of Respirations |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
|
392 | (3) |
|
|
395 | (30) |
|
Overview of the Digestive System |
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Layers of the Digestive Tract |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
398 | (12) |
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (3) |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
405 | (5) |
|
Accessory Digestive Organs |
|
|
410 | (4) |
|
|
410 | (2) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
When Accessory Digestive Organs Are Not Working Right |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
414 | (3) |
|
Carbohydrates and Carbohydrate-Splitting Enzymes |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Proteins and Protein-Splitting Enzymes |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Fats, Bile, and Fat-Splitting Enzymes |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Nutrition: Concepts to Know |
|
|
417 | (5) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Health and a Balanced Diet |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
|
422 | (3) |
|
|
425 | (18) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Urine Making: The Nephron Unit |
|
|
428 | (3) |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (3) |
|
Hormones That Work on the Kidneys |
|
|
431 | (2) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
When the Parts Don't Work |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
436 | (4) |
|
|
436 | (2) |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
440 | (3) |
|
Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance |
|
|
443 | (12) |
|
Body Fluids: Distribution and Composition |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Composition of Body Fluids |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Fluid Spacing---In Other Words |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
446 | (2) |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
448 | (2) |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Where the Acid (H+) Comes From |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
How the Body Regulates pH |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
450 | (3) |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
451 | (2) |
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
|
455 | (20) |
|
|
456 | (5) |
|
|
456 | (3) |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Male Sexual Response: Erection, Emission, Ejaculation, and Orgasm |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Female Reproductive System |
|
|
461 | (8) |
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
|
463 | (2) |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Hormonal Control of the Reproductive Cycles |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
466 | (3) |
|
|
469 | (3) |
|
Barrier Methods of Birth Control |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Surgical Methods of Birth Control |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Behavioral Methods of Birth Control |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
472 | (3) |
|
Human Development and Heredity |
|
|
475 | (22) |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
When Fertilization Occurs |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
Where Fertilization Occurs |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
477 | (7) |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
478 | (5) |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Changes in the Mother's Body During Pregnancy |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
Female Breast and Lactation |
|
|
486 | (2) |
|
Structure of a Breast: The Mammary Glands |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (2) |
|
Postnatal Changes and Developmental Stages |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
Development as a Lifelong Process |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
489 | (4) |
|
DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
It's a Boy, It's a Girl: How the Sex of the Child Is Determined |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Congenital and Hereditary Disease |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
493 | (4) |
Appendix A: Medical Terminology and Eponymous Terms |
|
497 | (4) |
Appendix B: Laboratory Values |
|
501 | (2) |
Appendix C: Answers to Review Your Knowledge Questions |
|
503 | (4) |
Glossary |
|
507 | |