Instructor's Preface |
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xi | |
Student Preface |
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xiii | |
Preface |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
1 Introduction and Overview |
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1 | (10) |
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8 | (3) |
2 Telescopes for Inner Space: Fiber Optics and Endoscopes |
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11 | (46) |
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11 | (3) |
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2.2 Optics: The Science of Light |
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14 | (21) |
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2.2.1 How to see around corners |
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14 | (4) |
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2.2.2 Reflecting and bending light |
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18 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Why does light bend? The index of refraction |
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19 | (4) |
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2.2.4 Optional: How lenses form images |
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23 | (4) |
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2.2.5 Making pipes for light |
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27 | (8) |
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2.3 Fiber Optics Applications in Medicine: Endoscopes and Laparoscopes |
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35 | (10) |
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2.3.1 Different types of endoscopes and their typical construction |
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35 | (8) |
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2.3.2 Some advantages and disadvantages |
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43 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Laparoscopic gallbladder removal |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (5) |
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2.4.1 Robotic surgery and virtual reality in the operating room |
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45 | (2) |
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2.4.2 Telemedicine and military applications |
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47 | (2) |
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2.4.3 Emerging techniques |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (4) |
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Reflection and refraction |
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51 | (1) |
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Total internal reflection and fiber optics |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (2) |
3 Lasers in Medicine: Healing with Light |
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57 | (62) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (2) |
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3.3 Beyond the Rainbow: The Dual Nature of Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum |
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60 | (6) |
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66 | (7) |
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3.5 How Light Interacts with Body Tissues |
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73 | (2) |
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3.6 Laser Beams and Spatial Coherence |
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75 | (5) |
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3.7 Cooking with Light: Photocoagulation |
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80 | (1) |
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3.8 Trade-Offs in Photocoagulation: Power Density and Heat Flow |
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81 | (2) |
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3.9 Cutting with Light: Photovaporization |
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83 | (2) |
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3.10 More Power: Pulsed Lasers |
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85 | (3) |
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88 | (2) |
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3.12 The Atomic Origins of Absorption |
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90 | (3) |
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3.13 How Selective Absorption is Used in Laser Surgery |
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93 | (5) |
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3.14 Lasers in Dermatology |
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98 | (2) |
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3.15 Laser Surgery on the Eye |
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100 | (4) |
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104 | (1) |
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3.17 Advantages and Drawbacks of Lasers for Medicine |
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105 | (1) |
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3.18 Photodynamic Therapy: Killing Tumors with Light |
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106 | (2) |
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3.19 New Directions: Diffusive Optical Imaging |
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108 | (1) |
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3.20 New Directions: Optical Coherence Tomography |
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109 | (4) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (4) |
4 Seeing with Sound: Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging |
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119 | (70) |
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119 | (3) |
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122 | (3) |
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125 | (4) |
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4.4 Ultrasound and Energy |
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129 | (1) |
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4.5 How Echoes are Formed |
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130 | (3) |
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4.6 How to Produce Ultrasound |
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133 | (3) |
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136 | (5) |
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4.8 Ultrasound Scanner Design |
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141 | (6) |
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4.9 Ultrasound is Absorbed by the Body |
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147 | (6) |
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4.10 Ultrasound Image Quality and Artifacts |
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153 | (6) |
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4.11 How Safe is Ultrasound Imaging? |
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159 | (4) |
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4.12 Obstetrical Ultrasound Imaging |
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163 | (4) |
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4.13 Echocardiography: Ultrasound Images of the Heart |
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167 | (1) |
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4.14 Origins of the Doppler Effect |
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168 | (5) |
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4.15 Using the Doppler Effect to Measure Blood Flow |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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4.17 Advanced Ultrasound Techniques |
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176 | (2) |
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4.18 Portable Ultrasound: Appropriate Technology for the Developing World |
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178 | (1) |
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4.19 Current Research Directions: Ultrasound-Mediated Drug Delivery |
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178 | (3) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (5) |
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Basic physics of sound waves |
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183 | (1) |
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Echo ranging and echo intensity |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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Another Useful Source of Problems on Ultrasound Imaging |
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188 | (1) |
5 X-ray Vision: Diagnostic X-rays and CT Scans |
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189 | (80) |
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189 | (3) |
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5.2 Diagnostic X-ray Images: The Body's X-ray Shadow |
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192 | (2) |
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5.3 How X-rays are Generated |
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194 | (9) |
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5.3.1 Bremsstrahlung radiation |
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194 | (3) |
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5.3.2 X-ray tube spectrum and tube rating |
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197 | (2) |
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5.3.3 Image resolution and blurring |
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199 | (3) |
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5.3.4 Development of new x-ray sources |
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202 | (1) |
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5.4 Types of X-ray Interactions with Matter |
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203 | (10) |
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5.5 Basic Issues in X-ray Image Formation |
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213 | (7) |
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5.6 Contrast Media Make Soft Tissues Visible on an X-ray |
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220 | (3) |
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5.7 X-ray Image Receptors and Digital X-ray Imaging |
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223 | (15) |
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5.7.1 Film-based image receptors |
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223 | (5) |
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5.7.2 Digital radiography |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (2) |
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5.7.4 Computerized image processing |
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232 | (6) |
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5.8 Mammography: X-ray Screening for Breast Cancer |
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238 | (6) |
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5.9 Computed Tomography (CT) |
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244 | (11) |
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5.10 Application: Spotting Brittle Bones: Bone Mineral Scans for Osteoporosis |
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255 | (3) |
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5.11 New Directions: X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging |
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258 | (4) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (4) |
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265 | (1) |
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Interaction of x-rays with matter |
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266 | (1) |
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Contrast, contrast media, and x-ray absorption |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
6 Images from Radioactivity: Radionuclide Scans, SPECT, and PET |
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269 | (40) |
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6.1 Introduction: Radioactivity and Medicine |
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269 | (2) |
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6.2 Nuclear Physics Basics |
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271 | (4) |
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6.3 Radioactivity Fades with Time: The Concept of Half-Lives |
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275 | (5) |
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280 | (8) |
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6.5 Emission Tomography with Radionuclides: SPECT and PET |
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288 | (12) |
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6.6 Application: Emission Computer Tomography Studies of the Brain |
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300 | (3) |
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303 | (2) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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Useful Sources of Problems |
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307 | (2) |
7 Radiation Therapy and Radiation Safety in Medicine |
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309 | (50) |
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309 | (1) |
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7.2 Measuring Radioactivity and Radiation |
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310 | (9) |
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7.3 Origins of the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation |
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319 | (7) |
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7.4 The Two Regimes of Radiation Damage: Radiation Sickness and Cancer Risk |
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326 | (14) |
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7.5 Radiation Therapy: Killing Tumors with Radiation |
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340 | (11) |
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7.6 New Directions in Radiation Therapy |
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351 | (3) |
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354 | (1) |
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Comprehensive Summaries of the Risks of Ionizing Radiation |
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355 | (1) |
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Useful Sources of More Advanced Problems |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (3) |
8 Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
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359 | (60) |
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359 | (3) |
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8.2 The Science of Magnetism |
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362 | (6) |
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368 | (13) |
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8.3.1 Elementary sources of magnetism |
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368 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Nuclear magnetic moment |
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369 | (3) |
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8.3.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) |
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372 | (6) |
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378 | (3) |
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8.4 Contrast Mechanisms for MRI |
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381 | (7) |
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8.5 Listening to Spin Echoes |
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388 | (6) |
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8.6 How MRI Maps the Body |
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394 | (6) |
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400 | (4) |
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8.8 Creating Better Contrast |
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404 | (3) |
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8.9 Sports Medicine and MRI |
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407 | (1) |
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8.10 Magnetic Resonance Breast Imaging |
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408 | (2) |
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8.11 Mapping Body Chemistry with MR Spectroscopy |
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410 | (1) |
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8.12 Brain Mapping and Functional MRI |
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411 | (4) |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (3) |
Index |
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419 | |