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xiii | |
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xiv | |
About the Author |
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xvi | |
Preface to the Seventh Edition |
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xvii | |
Guide to this Book |
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xix | |
The Approach of this Book |
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xix | |
The Structure of the Book |
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xix | |
Special Features of the Book |
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xxiii | |
The Seventh Edition -- What is New? |
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xxv | |
Discover the Online Resources |
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xxvi | |
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PART 1 FOUNDATIONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH |
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1 | (68) |
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1 Why and How to Do Qualitative Research |
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3 | (14) |
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The Relevance of Qualitative Research |
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3 | (1) |
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Research Questions as a Starting Point |
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4 | (1) |
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Limitations of Quantitative Research |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (2) |
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A Brief History of Qualitative Research |
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8 | (4) |
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Qualitative Research at the End of Modernity |
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12 | (1) |
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New Challenges: Diversity and Decolonizing Qualitative Research |
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12 | (1) |
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Subjectivity and Identity in Doing Qualitative Research |
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13 | (4) |
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2 The Qualitative--Quantitative Distinction |
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17 | (10) |
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Relations of Qualitative and Quantitative Research |
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17 | (4) |
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21 | (1) |
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Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Indigenous Research |
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22 | (1) |
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Methods' Appropriateness as a Point of Reference |
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22 | (5) |
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27 | (20) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Construction of Knowledge |
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29 | (1) |
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Feminism and Intersectionality |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (3) |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (1) |
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Decolonization and Indigenous Research Methods |
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39 | (2) |
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Rivalry of Paradigms or Triangulation of Perspectives |
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41 | (1) |
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Common Features of the Different Positions |
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42 | (5) |
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4 Methods and Data in Qualitative Research |
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47 | (11) |
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Research Programmes in Qualitative Research |
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47 | (3) |
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Major Methods and Types of Data |
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50 | (2) |
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Indigenous and Decolonizing Qualitative Research |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (5) |
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5 Subjectivity, Identity and Texts in Qualitative Research |
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58 | (11) |
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Subjectivity and Identity -- on Both Sides |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (1) |
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Text as World Making: First-degree and Second-degree Constructions |
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60 | (1) |
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Social Constructions as Starting Points |
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61 | (1) |
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Interpretation and Social Construction: Biography and Narrative |
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62 | (7) |
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69 | (122) |
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6 Formulating a Research Question |
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71 | (14) |
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Origins of Research Questions |
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71 | (2) |
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Cutting Questions to Size |
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73 | (1) |
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Specifying an Area of Interest and Delimiting the Issue |
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73 | (2) |
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Sensitizing Concepts and the Triangulation of Perspectives |
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75 | (1) |
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Types of Research Questions |
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76 | (2) |
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Good and Bad Research Questions |
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78 | (1) |
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Research Questions and Practice |
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79 | (1) |
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Research Questions in Indigenous and Decolonizing Research |
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80 | (5) |
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7 Choosing and Constructing the Research Design |
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85 | (24) |
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How to Plan and Construct Designs in Qualitative Research |
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85 | (5) |
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The Six F's of Designing Qualitative Research |
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90 | (1) |
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Qualitative Online Research |
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91 | (3) |
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Basic Designs in Qualitative Research |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (2) |
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Snapshots: Analysis of State and Process at the Time of the Investigation |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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Starting Points for Selecting a Research Design |
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101 | (1) |
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Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches |
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102 | (2) |
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Designing Qualitative Indigenous Research |
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104 | (1) |
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Research Designs -- How to Choose |
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105 | (4) |
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8 Planning the Process in Qualitative Research |
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109 | (10) |
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Research as Linear Process |
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109 | (1) |
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The Concept of Process in Grounded Theory Research |
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110 | (1) |
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Linearity and Circularity of the Process |
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111 | (1) |
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Theories in the Research Process as Versions of the World |
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112 | (2) |
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The Research Process in Qualitative Research in General |
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114 | (1) |
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Planning Indigenous Qualitative Research |
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115 | (4) |
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9 Ethics of Doing Qualitative Research |
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119 | (17) |
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The Need for Ethics in Research |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (3) |
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126 | (6) |
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Qualitative Research Ethics -- Necessary for Better Research |
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132 | (4) |
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10 Using the Existing Literature |
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136 | (9) |
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How and When to Use the Literature |
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136 | (1) |
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How to Use the Theoretical Literature |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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How to Use the Empirical Literature |
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138 | (1) |
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How to Use the Methodological Literature |
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139 | (1) |
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Using Literature in Culturally Sensitive Research |
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140 | (1) |
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How to Use the Literature When Writing about Your Study |
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140 | (1) |
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Where to Search the Literature |
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141 | (1) |
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How to Search the Literature |
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141 | (4) |
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11 Access, Field Relations and Participatory Research |
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145 | (14) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Role Definitions When Entering an Open Field |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Strangeness and Familiarity |
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149 | (2) |
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Strategies for Gaining Access -- Examples |
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151 | (1) |
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Access and Recruiting for Qualitative Online Research |
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152 | (1) |
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Involvement and Participation of Members in Indigenous Research |
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152 | (2) |
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Participation as Methodological Approach |
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154 | (5) |
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159 | (14) |
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Frameworks of Sampling for Data Collection |
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159 | (1) |
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Defining the Sample Structure Beforehand |
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160 | (1) |
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Defining the Sample Structure Step by Step |
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161 | (3) |
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Sampling Step by Step as a General Principle |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Aims of Sampling: Width or Depth? |
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167 | (1) |
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Case Constitution in the Sample |
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167 | (1) |
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Sampling Decisions in the Research Process |
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168 | (2) |
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Sampling in Indigenous Research |
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170 | (3) |
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13 Qualitative Designs with Multiple Methods |
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173 | (18) |
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173 | (2) |
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Triangulation Step by Step |
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175 | (4) |
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Issues Arising from Applying Triangulation |
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179 | (1) |
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Triangulation as Systematization of Qualitative Methods |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (6) |
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Mixed Methods in Indigenous and Decolonizing Research |
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186 | (1) |
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New Concepts of Combining Approaches in/with Qualitative Research |
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187 | (4) |
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191 | (94) |
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14 Collecting Verbal Data |
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193 | (10) |
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193 | (1) |
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Why Verbal Data? Aims and Target Groups |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (1) |
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What Characterizes Narratives? |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Starting Points for Selecting an Approach for Collecting Verbal Data |
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196 | (2) |
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Collecting Verbal Data: Selecting a Form of Interviewing |
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198 | (5) |
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203 | (34) |
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How to Conduct Interviews |
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203 | (2) |
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Interviewing as Constructing a Framework for Listening |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (5) |
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The Semi-standardized Interview |
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211 | (5) |
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The Problem-centred Interview |
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216 | (4) |
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Expert and Elite Interviews |
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220 | (5) |
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The Ethnographic Interview |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (4) |
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How to Analyse Interviews |
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230 | (1) |
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Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches |
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231 | (6) |
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237 | (21) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (6) |
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244 | (3) |
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247 | (3) |
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Focus Groups in Decolonizing, Critical and Indigenous Research |
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250 | (1) |
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How to Analyse Focus Groups |
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250 | (3) |
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Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches |
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253 | (5) |
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258 | (27) |
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Narratives: Why and How? Backgrounds and Approaches |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (7) |
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266 | (6) |
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Between Biography and Episode |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (2) |
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Criteria-based Comparison of Narrative Approaches of Collecting Data |
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274 | (1) |
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How to Analyse Narratives |
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274 | (5) |
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Small Narratives and Constructionist Analysis |
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279 | (1) |
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Narrative Research Methods in Indigenous Postcolonial Research |
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280 | (5) |
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285 | (98) |
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18 Collecting Data Beyond Talk |
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287 | (12) |
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Aims of Collecting Data Beyond Talk |
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288 | (1) |
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Types of Data Beyond Talk |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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What is Participant Observation? |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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What is Virtual Ethnography? |
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290 | (1) |
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What is Visual Qualitative Research? |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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Starting Points for Selecting an Approach for Collecting Data Beyond Talk |
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292 | (7) |
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19 Observation and Ethnography |
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299 | (26) |
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299 | (4) |
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303 | (6) |
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309 | (4) |
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313 | (2) |
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315 | (5) |
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Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches |
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320 | (1) |
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Analysing Observations and Ethnographies |
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320 | (5) |
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20 Visual Data: Photography, Film and Video |
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325 | (20) |
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Photographs as an Instrument and Object of Research |
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325 | (8) |
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Film Analysis as an Instrument of Research |
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333 | (3) |
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Video Analysis in Qualitative Research |
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336 | (3) |
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Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches |
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339 | (6) |
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21 Documents as Data and Secondary Data Analysis |
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345 | (16) |
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What Characterizes Documents? |
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346 | (1) |
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Using Documents as Data: More than Textual Analysis |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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The Practicalities of Using Documents |
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349 | (2) |
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351 | (1) |
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Analysing Internet Documents |
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352 | (2) |
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Secondary Analysis of Existing Qualitative Data |
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354 | (7) |
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22 Digital and Social Media Research |
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361 | (22) |
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Social Media and Their Relevance |
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361 | (1) |
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Research Questions in Social Media Research |
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362 | (1) |
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How to Plan and Construct Designs in Qualitative Social Media Research |
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363 | (1) |
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Data for (Qualitative) Social Media Research |
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364 | (1) |
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Collecting Digital and Social Media Data with Qualitative Methods |
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365 | (1) |
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Using Twitter for Qualitative Research |
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366 | (3) |
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Using Facebook for Qualitative Research |
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369 | (3) |
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Using Blogs for Qualitative Research |
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372 | (4) |
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Collecting Digital Data with Smartphones |
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376 | (1) |
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Combining Virtual and Traditional Qualitative Research Methods |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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Big Data as a Challenge and a Threat for Qualitative Research |
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378 | (1) |
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Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches |
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379 | (4) |
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PART 5 QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS |
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383 | (104) |
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23 Analysing Qualitative Data |
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385 | (13) |
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Aims of Qualitative Data Analysis |
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385 | (1) |
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What is Qualitative Data Analysis? |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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Using Naturally Occurring or Elicited Data |
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387 | (1) |
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Methods or Data as Points of Reference |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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What is Sequential Analysis? |
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388 | (2) |
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390 | (1) |
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Starting Points for Selecting an Approach for Qualitative Data Analysis |
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391 | (1) |
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Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches |
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391 | (3) |
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Methods of Qualitative Data Analysis -- How to Choose |
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394 | (4) |
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24 Transcription and Data Management |
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398 | (14) |
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Technological Progress and Problems of Recording Data |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (3) |
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Reality as Text: Text as New Reality |
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405 | (1) |
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Transcripts and Data in Indigenous Research |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (5) |
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25 Grounded Theory Coding |
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412 | (22) |
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Grounded Theory Methodology |
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412 | (1) |
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Key Steps towards Grounded Theory Analysis |
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413 | (2) |
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415 | (2) |
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Grounded Theory Coding: Ways and Versions |
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417 | (9) |
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Which Approach to Choose? |
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426 | (3) |
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Grounded Theory Coding: Integrated Approach or Starting Point? |
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429 | (5) |
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26 Thematic: Coding and Content Analysis |
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434 | (21) |
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434 | (6) |
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440 | (3) |
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Qualitative Content Analysis |
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443 | (7) |
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Criteria-based Comparison of Approaches |
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450 | (5) |
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27 Analysing Naturally Occurring Data: Conversation and Discourse |
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455 | (19) |
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Using Naturally Occurring Data |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (4) |
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460 | (5) |
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465 | (4) |
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Interpretive Research in Decolonizing Studies |
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469 | (1) |
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Criteria-based Comparison of Approaches to Naturally Occurring Data |
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469 | (5) |
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28 Using Software in Qualitative Data Analysis |
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474 | (13) |
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New Technologies: Hopes, Fears and Fantasies |
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474 | (2) |
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Ways of Using Software and Computers in Qualitative Research |
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476 | (1) |
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Why Use Software for Analysing Qualitative Data? |
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476 | (1) |
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History and State of Development of QDA Software |
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477 | (1) |
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Software for Analysing Qualitative Data: How to Choose? |
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477 | (2) |
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Examples: ATLAS.ti, NVivo and MAXQDA |
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479 | (2) |
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How to Use Software in Qualitative Research |
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481 | (1) |
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Software's Impact on Qualitative Research: Examples |
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482 | (1) |
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More Recent Developments: CAQDAS 2.0 |
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483 | (4) |
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PART 6 GROUNDING, WRITING AND OUTLOOK |
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487 | (57) |
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29 Quality of Qualitative Research: Criteria and Beyond |
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489 | (27) |
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Selective Plausibilization |
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489 | (1) |
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490 | (2) |
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492 | (3) |
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495 | (1) |
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Classical Criteria in Qualitative Research? |
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495 | (1) |
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496 | (6) |
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Traditional or Alternative Criteria: New Answers to Old Questions? |
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502 | (1) |
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Quality Assessment as a Challenge for Qualitative Research |
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503 | (1) |
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Quality Criteria or Strategies of Quality Assurance? |
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504 | (1) |
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Strategies of Generalization in Qualitative Research |
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504 | (3) |
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Process Evaluation and Reflexivity |
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507 | (1) |
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Research Steps and Methods: Rules of Thumb and Key Questions |
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508 | (2) |
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Indication for Qualitative Research |
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510 | (1) |
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511 | (5) |
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30 Writing Up and Assessment in Qualitative Research |
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516 | (1) |
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Writing and Reporting in Decolonizing Qualitative Research |
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516 | (1) |
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Reflexive Function of Writing |
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517 | (1) |
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Dissolution of Social Science into Styles of Writing? |
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518 | (1) |
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Pragmatic Function of Writing: Presentation of Results |
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518 | (4) |
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Legitimizing Function of Writing |
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522 | (2) |
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Making Qualitative Research Relevant |
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524 | (1) |
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Preparing a Viva and Assessment Based on Qualitative Research |
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524 | (6) |
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31 State of the Art and the Future |
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530 | (1) |
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Qualitative Research Today |
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530 | (3) |
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Current Methodological Trends |
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533 | (3) |
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New Challenges: Internationalization, Diversity and Decolonization |
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536 | (2) |
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How to Learn and How to Teach Qualitative Research |
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538 | (1) |
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The Future of Qualitative Research: Art or Method? |
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539 | (5) |
Glossary |
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544 | (12) |
References |
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556 | (30) |
Author Index |
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586 | (7) |
Subject Index |
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593 | |