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xvi | |
About the Authors |
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xvii | |
Preface |
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xix | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxxi | |
Introduction: Latin American Politics and Society |
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1 | (16) |
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2 | (7) |
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Modern States and Four Core Issues |
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3 | (3) |
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Historical Origin and Evolution |
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6 | (2) |
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Historical Novelties and Legacies |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (4) |
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Problems of and for Democracy |
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9 | (1) |
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Poor-Quality Democracies and Few Public Goods |
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10 | (3) |
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13 | (4) |
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Part I A Historical Overview |
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1 The State and State Capacity |
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17 | (32) |
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1.1 Concepts and Overview |
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18 | (4) |
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1.1.1 The State and the Modern State |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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1.1.3 The State and State Capacity in Latin America |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (4) |
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1.2.1 Pre-Columbian Times |
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22 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Spanish and Portuguese Colonial Rule |
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23 | (3) |
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1.3 The Formation of Modern States, 1810-1875 |
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26 | (8) |
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27 | (3) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (4) |
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1.4 The Problem of State Capacity, 1875-2010s |
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34 | (9) |
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1.4.1 The Origins of Weak States |
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35 | (2) |
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1.4.2 The Persistence of Weak States |
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37 | (3) |
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1.4.3 The Weakness of Contemporary States |
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40 | (3) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (4) |
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2 Nation Building, Race, and Ethnicity |
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49 | (33) |
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2.1 Concepts and Overview |
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50 | (2) |
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50 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Nation Building, Race, and Ethnicity |
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50 | (1) |
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2.1.3 Nation Building in Latin America |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (7) |
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2.2.1 Race and Ethnicity in the Colonies |
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52 | (3) |
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2.2.2 Miscegenation and Manumission |
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55 | (2) |
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2.2.3 The Abolition of Slavery |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (1) |
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2.3 Elite Vision of the Nation, 1880-1930 |
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59 | (5) |
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2.3.1 Mass Migration and Whitening |
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60 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Censuses and the Image of the Nation |
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61 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Education and Military Service |
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62 | (2) |
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2.4 The National-Popular Vision, 1930-1980 |
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64 | (5) |
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2.4.1 The People Versus the Elites |
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65 | (1) |
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2.4.2 The Centrality of Anti-imperialism and Class |
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65 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Mestizaje, Indigenismo, and Racial Democracy |
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66 | (3) |
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2.5 A Plural Vision of the Nation, 1980-2010s |
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69 | (8) |
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2.5.1 Indigenous Peoples and the Nation |
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70 | (4) |
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2.5.2 Afro-Descendants and the Nation |
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74 | (3) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (4) |
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3 Political Regimes and Democracy |
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82 | (41) |
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3.1 Concepts and Overview |
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83 | (4) |
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3.1.1 Political Regimes and Democracy |
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83 | (2) |
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3.1.2 Regimes and Democracy in Latin America |
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85 | (2) |
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3.2 Oligarchic Dominance and Authoritarian Regimes, 1880-1930 |
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87 | (8) |
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3.2.1 The Power of the Oligarchy |
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87 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Varieties of Regimes |
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87 | (8) |
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3.3 The Transition to Mass Politics and Regime Instability, 1930-1980 |
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95 | (17) |
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3.3.1 Initial Democratic Failures and Successes |
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95 | (6) |
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3.3.2 Populism and Military Coups |
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101 | (2) |
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3.3.3 The Cuban Revolution and Violent Authoritarianism |
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103 | (6) |
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109 | (3) |
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3.4 A New Democratic Age, 1980-2010s |
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112 | (4) |
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3.4.1 The Third Wave of Democratization |
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112 | (2) |
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3.4.2 Why Did Latin America Democratize? |
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114 | (2) |
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3.4.3 The Post-Transitional Experience with Democracy |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (5) |
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4 Development Models and Socioeconomic Welfare |
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123 | (42) |
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4.1 Concepts and Overview |
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124 | (4) |
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4.1.1 Socioeconomic Welfare |
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124 | (2) |
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4.1.2 Models of Economic Development |
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126 | (2) |
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4.1.3 Development Models and Welfare in Latin America |
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128 | (1) |
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4.2 The Agro-Export Model, 1880-1930 |
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128 | (10) |
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4.2.1 Meeting European and US Demand for Raw Materials |
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128 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Markets with Little Social Policy |
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128 | (6) |
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4.2.3 Moderate But Unequal Progress |
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134 | (3) |
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4.2.4 The Great Depression |
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137 | (1) |
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4.3 The Import-Substitution Industrialization Model, 1930-1980 |
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138 | (9) |
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4.3.1 Internal Adjustments and a Homegrown Model |
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138 | (1) |
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4.3.2 State-Led Development with Partial Social Coverage |
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139 | (3) |
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142 | (3) |
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4.3.4 Internal Limits and the Foreign Debt Crisis |
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145 | (2) |
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4.4 The Neoliberal Model, 1980-2010s |
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147 | (11) |
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4.4.1 External Pressure and a Model Elaborated in Washington |
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147 | (1) |
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4.4.2 A Return to Markets and Retrenchment in Social Policy |
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148 | (4) |
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4.4.3 Challenges and Reforms |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (4) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (6) |
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Part II Problems of Democracy in a Democratic Age |
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5 Democracy and the Quality of Democracy: The Never-Ending Quest |
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165 | (36) |
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5.1 Democracy and the Quality of Democracy |
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166 | (2) |
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5.2 The State of Democracy |
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168 | (14) |
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5.2.1 An Overview of Achievements |
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168 | (4) |
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5.2.2 A Catalog of Problems |
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172 | (6) |
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5.2.3 A Synthesis of the Problems |
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178 | (4) |
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5.2.4 Problems of Democracy in a Democratic Age |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (14) |
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5.3.1 Ideology and the Politics of Neoliberalism |
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183 | (6) |
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5.3.2 The International Context |
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189 | (3) |
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5.3.3 Power and the State |
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192 | (4) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (3) |
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6 Political Inclusion and Institutional Innovations: Women, Indigenous Peoples, Afro-Descendants, and Ordinary People |
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201 | (37) |
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6.1 Democracy, Political Inclusion, and Inclusive Institutions |
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202 | (3) |
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6.1.1 The Inclusion of Disadvantaged Groups in Decision-Making |
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202 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Institutions as Avenues of Inclusion |
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203 | (2) |
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6.2 Women in Political Office |
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205 | (13) |
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6.2.1 A Story of Considerable Progress |
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205 | (5) |
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6.2.2 An Explanation of Women's Gains |
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210 | (8) |
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6.3 Indigenous Peoples and Afro-Descendants in Political Office |
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218 | (9) |
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6.3.1 Fewer Gains than Those by Women |
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219 | (4) |
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6.3.2 An Explanation of the Failure to Match Women's Gains |
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223 | (4) |
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6.4 Ordinary People Making Government Decisions |
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227 | (5) |
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6.4.1 Participatory Budgeting |
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227 | (2) |
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6.4.2 Prior Consultation and Indigenous Peoples |
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229 | (3) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (5) |
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7 Political Parties and the Citizen-Politician Link: The Persistent Crisis of Representation |
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238 | (35) |
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7.1 Democracy, Political Parties, and Political Representation |
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239 | (3) |
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7.1.1 Electoral Vehicles and Programmatic Party Organizations |
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239 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Parties and Democracy |
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240 | (2) |
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7.2 The State of Parties and Political Representation |
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242 | (10) |
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7.2.1 The (Partial and Complete) Deconstruction of Party Systems |
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243 | (3) |
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7.2.2 The (Difficult and Unsettled) Reconstruction of Party Systems |
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246 | (3) |
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7.2.3 The Nature of Contemporary Party Systems |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (1) |
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7.3 Explaining Parties and Political Representation |
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252 | (13) |
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7.3.1 Economic Crisis and the Conflict over Neoliberalism |
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252 | (3) |
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7.3.2 Leadership, Activism, Social Movements, and Resources |
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255 | (9) |
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7.3.3 The Weight of a Weak State |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (7) |
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Part III Civil Rights as a Problem for Democracy |
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8 The Protection of Civil Rights: A Pending Task for Democracies |
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273 | (37) |
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8.1 The Concept of Civil Rights |
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274 | (4) |
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8.1.1 Agreements about the Meaning of Civil Rights |
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275 | (1) |
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8.1.2 Debates about the Meaning of Civil Rights |
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276 | (1) |
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8.1.3 A Working Definition of Civil Rights |
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276 | (2) |
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8.2 The State and the Significance of Civil Rights |
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278 | (20) |
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8.2.1 Equality before the Law, the Right to Life, and Due Process Rights |
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279 | (4) |
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8.2.2 Liberty Rights and Freedom from Discrimination |
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283 | (11) |
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294 | (4) |
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8.3 Explaining Achievements and Problems of Civil Rights |
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298 | (5) |
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8.3.1 The Promise and Limits of Democracy |
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298 | (2) |
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8.3.2 Social Mobilization and International Networks |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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8.3.4 The State's Public Administration and Security Forces |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (6) |
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9 Transitional Justice: Responses to Past Human Rights Violations |
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310 | (40) |
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9.1 What Is Transitional Justice? |
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311 | (3) |
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9.1.1 The Aims of Transitional Justice |
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311 | (2) |
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9.1.2 A Debate about Truth and Justice |
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313 | (1) |
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9.1.3 Our Approach to Transitional Justice |
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314 | (1) |
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9.2 Describing the State of Transitional Justice |
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314 | (17) |
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9.2.1 Two Scenarios Where Transitional Justice Is Relevant |
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314 | (3) |
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9.2.2 Truth and Truth Commissions |
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317 | (7) |
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9.2.3 Justice, Trials, and Amnesties |
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324 | (6) |
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9.2.4 The False Choice between Truth and Justice |
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330 | (1) |
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9.3 Explaining Transitional Justice: Case Studies |
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331 | (8) |
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9.3.1 Brazil and Mexico: Justice Denied |
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332 | (1) |
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9.3.2 El Salvador and Guatemala: Partial Justice |
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333 | (2) |
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9.3.3 Chile and Argentina: Justice Prevails |
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335 | (4) |
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9.4 Explaining Transitional Justice: General Reflections |
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339 | (5) |
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9.4.1 Democracy and Transitional Justice |
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339 | (2) |
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9.4.2 Civil Society and International Networks |
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341 | (2) |
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9.4.3 The Judiciary and International Law |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (4) |
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10 High-Level Corruption: Public Officials against the Public Interest |
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350 | (36) |
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10.1 High-Level Corruption as a Civil Rights Issue |
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351 | (2) |
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10.1.1 High-Level Corruption |
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351 | (1) |
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10.1.2 The Civil Rights at Stake |
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352 | (1) |
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10.2 Describing the State of High-Level Corruption |
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353 | (11) |
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10.2.1 Political and Administrative Corruption |
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353 | (7) |
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10.2.2 The Judicial Response to Corruption |
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360 | (3) |
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10.2.3 Corruption as a Systemic Problem for Democracy |
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363 | (1) |
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10.3 Explaining High-Level Corruption: Case Studies |
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364 | (12) |
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10.3.1 Brazil: Judicial Action against Politicians and Business Elites |
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365 | (5) |
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10.3.2 Mexico: Passivity in the Face of State-Organized Crime Collusion |
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370 | (3) |
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10.3.3 Guatemala: International Assistance against Elites |
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373 | (3) |
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10.4 Explaining High-Level Corruption: General Reflections |
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376 | (5) |
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10.4.1 Democracy and Corruption |
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376 | (1) |
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10.4.2 The State's Public Administration |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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10.4.4 Civil Society and the International Community |
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379 | (2) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (3) |
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11 The New Violence: Homicides, Drugs, and the State |
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386 | (45) |
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11.1 Violence and the Right to Life |
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387 | (1) |
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11.2 Describing the State of the New Violence |
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387 | (9) |
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11.2.1 The Scope and Scale of Homicides |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Who Are the Killers? |
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390 | (4) |
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11.2.4 Violence as a Systemic Problem for Democracy |
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394 | (2) |
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11.3 Explaining the New Violence: Case Studies |
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396 | (17) |
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11.3.1 Mexico: Drug Cartels, Politicians, and Security Forces |
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398 | (10) |
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11.3.2 The Northern Triangle: Gangs, Cartels, and Public Officials |
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408 | (5) |
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11.4 Explaining the New Violence: General Reflections |
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413 | (9) |
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11.4.1 The Global Drug Trade |
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414 | (2) |
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11.4.2 The Absent State and the Present State |
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416 | (3) |
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11.4.3 Democracy and State Building |
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419 | (3) |
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422 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (8) |
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Part IV Social Rights as a Problem for Democracy |
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12 Social Rights in Law and Reality: The Dilemmas of Democracy in Unequal Societies |
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431 | (33) |
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12.1 The Concept of Social Rights |
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432 | (6) |
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12.1.1 Debates about the Notion of Social Rights |
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432 | (4) |
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12.1.2 A Working Definition of Social Rights |
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436 | (2) |
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12.2 The State and Significance of Social Rights |
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438 | (16) |
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12.2.1 Aspirational and Justiciable Rights |
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438 | (1) |
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12.2.2 A First Approximation |
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439 | (8) |
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12.2.3 Bringing Disparities into the Equation |
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447 | (4) |
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451 | (3) |
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12.3 Explaining Achievements and Problems of Social Rights |
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454 | (5) |
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12.3.1 Democracy and Ideology |
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454 | (3) |
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12.3.2 Social Mobilization and Participatory Institutions |
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457 | (2) |
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459 | (1) |
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459 | (1) |
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460 | (1) |
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461 | (3) |
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13 Sustainable Development and Neoextractivism: Growth, the Environment, and Social Action |
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464 | (25) |
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13.1 Neoextractivism, Socioeconomic Welfare, and Sustainable Development |
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465 | (2) |
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13.1.1 Models of Development and Neoextractivism |
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465 | (1) |
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13.1.2 Assessing Neoextractivism |
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466 | (1) |
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13.2 Neoextractivism and Its Impact |
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467 | (5) |
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13.2.1 The Scope and Scale of Extractive Activities |
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467 | (3) |
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13.2.2 The Pros and Cons of Neoextractivism |
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470 | (1) |
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13.2.3 Neoextractivism as a Problem of Social Rights |
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471 | (1) |
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13.3 Explaining the Contestation of Neoextractivism: Case Studies |
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472 | (9) |
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13.3.1 Failed Contestation: Peru and Ecuador |
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472 | (6) |
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13.3.2 Successful Contestation: Bolivia |
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478 | (3) |
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13.4 Explaining the Contestation of Neoextractivism: General Reflections |
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|
481 | (3) |
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13.4.1 Democracy and Participatory Institutions |
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481 | (1) |
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13.4.2 Ideology and Presidential Leadership |
|
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482 | (1) |
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13.4.3 Local Mobilizational Capacity |
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483 | (1) |
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484 | (1) |
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484 | (1) |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (3) |
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14 Basic Social Inclusion and Social Policy: CCTs as a Poverty Reduction Policy |
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489 | (28) |
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14.1 What Is Basic Social Inclusion? |
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490 | (1) |
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14.2 Describing the State of Social Inclusion |
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491 | (11) |
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14.2.1 Three Obstacles Related to Old Social Policies |
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|
491 | (7) |
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14.2.2 New Social Policies and Social Inclusion |
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498 | (4) |
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14.3 Explaining Social Inclusion: Case Studies and Comparative Analyses |
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502 | (8) |
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14.3.1 Mexico and Brazil as Leading Cases |
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|
502 | (4) |
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14.3.2 The Diffusion of CCTs |
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506 | (2) |
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14.3.3 The Evolving Assessment of CCTs |
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|
508 | (2) |
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14.4 Explaining Social Inclusion: General Reflections |
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|
510 | (4) |
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|
510 | (1) |
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14.4.2 Political Ideology |
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511 | (1) |
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14.4.3 International Diffusion |
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512 | (1) |
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513 | (1) |
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514 | (1) |
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|
515 | (1) |
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|
515 | (2) |
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15 Unequal Democracies: The Paradox of Political Equality and Social Inequality |
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|
517 | (30) |
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15.1 Inequality as a Problem of Social Rights |
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|
518 | (7) |
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15.1.1 Brazil's Rolezinhos |
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|
518 | (2) |
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15.1.2 Chile's Territorialization of Inequality |
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|
520 | (5) |
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15.2 The State of Income Inequality |
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|
525 | (5) |
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15.2.1 Inequality over Time |
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|
525 | (2) |
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15.2.2 Inequality Unpacked |
|
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527 | (3) |
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530 | (1) |
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15.3 Explaining Income Inequality |
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530 | (8) |
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15.3.1 The Promise of Democracy |
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|
531 | (1) |
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15.3.2 The Limits of Democracy |
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|
532 | (6) |
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15.4 The Vulnerability of Unequal Democracies |
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|
538 | (3) |
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15.4.1 Legitimacy Crises and Social Protests |
|
|
538 | (1) |
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15.4.2 Chile as a Warning Sign against Complacency |
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539 | (2) |
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|
541 | (1) |
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542 | (1) |
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|
543 | (4) |
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|
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16 Latin America in Perspective: Lessons and Prospects |
|
|
547 | (5) |
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16.1 The Historical Overview |
|
|
547 | (1) |
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16.2 The Contemporary Period |
|
|
548 | (3) |
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16.2.1 Progress on Easy Problems, Failure on Hard Problems |
|
|
548 | (2) |
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16.2.2 The Interaction between Problems of and for Democracy |
|
|
550 | (1) |
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|
551 | (1) |
Appendix: A Timeline of Latin America |
|
552 | (4) |
Glossary |
|
556 | (14) |
References |
|
570 | (35) |
Index |
|
605 | |