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Learning and Behavior: Active Learning Edition 8th edition [Mīkstie vāki]

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(Illinois Wesleyan University), (Salisbury State University)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 464 pages, height x width x depth: 17x198x248 mm, weight: 907 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Mar-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0357658116
  • ISBN-13: 9780357658116
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Learning and Behavior: Active Learning Edition 8th editionPalielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 464 pages, height x width x depth: 17x198x248 mm, weight: 907 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Mar-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0357658116
  • ISBN-13: 9780357658116
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780357658116.html
Keywords:
Examine learning through an evolutionary lens as Chance/Furlong's LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR, 8E demonstrates how learning has evolved as a biological mechanism to aid in survival. This clear, engaging presentation embraces a scientific approach to studying behavior with updated content, numerous learning features and current examples to capture your interest and strengthen your understanding. Timely research demonstrates the relevance of what you are studying as you examine concepts such as "nature via nurture" and the co-dependency of ontogeny and phylogeny. New learning objectives direct your attention to important concepts for study and review while helpful Concept Checks ensure you understand concepts before progressing. In addition, all content corresponds with the latest 7th Edition of the APA Publication Manual. Trust this book's unique approach as you master concepts behind learning, behavior and change and apply this to everyday life.
Preface xiii
Note to the Student: How to Get the Most from This Book xviii
Chapter 1 Introduction: Learning to Change
1(32)
1-1 Natural Selection
2(8)
1-2 Evolved Behavior
10(7)
Reflexes
10(2)
Modal Action Patterns
12(3)
General Behavior Traits
15(2)
1-3 Limits of Natural Selection
17(3)
1-4 Learning: Evolved Modifiability
20(5)
Learning Means Change
20(1)
Behavior Changes
21(2)
Experience Changes Behavior
23(2)
1-5 Habituation: An Example of Learning
25(2)
1-6 Nature vs. Nurture
27(3)
A Final Word
30(1)
Key Terms
30(1)
Review Questions
31(1)
Practice Quiz
31(2)
Chapter 2 The Study of Learning and Behavior
33(22)
2-1 The Natural Science Approach
34(2)
2-2 Measures of Learning
36(5)
2-3 Sources of Data
41(8)
Anecdotes
42(1)
Case Studies
43(1)
Descriptive Studies
44(1)
Experimental Studies
44(4)
Limitations of Experiments
48(1)
2-4 Animal Research and Human Learning
49(4)
A Final Word
53(1)
Key Terms
53(1)
Review Questions
53(1)
Practice Quiz
54(1)
Chapter 3 Pavlovian Conditioning
55(42)
3-1 Beginnings
56(3)
Ivan Pavlov: An Experimenter from Head to Foot
57(2)
3-2 Basic Procedures
59(4)
What's What in Pavlovian Conditioning?
61(2)
3-3 Higher-Order Conditioning
63(2)
3-4 Measuring Pavlovian Learning
65(2)
3-5 Variables Affecting Pavlovian Conditioning
67(13)
How the CS and US Are Paired
67(3)
CS-US Contingency
70(1)
CS-US Contiguity
71(1)
Pavlovian Flowchart
71(2)
Stimulus Features
73(2)
Prior Experience with CS and US
75(2)
Number of CS-US Pairings
77(1)
Intertrial Interval
78(1)
OtherVariables
78(2)
3-6 Extinction of Conditional Responses
80(2)
3-7 Theories of Conditioning
82(11)
Stimulus Substitution Theory
83(3)
Preparatory Response Theory
86(1)
Compensatory Response Theory
87(1)
Conditional Awareness
88(1)
Kescorla-Wagner Model
89(3)
Other CS Theories
92(1)
A Final Word
93(1)
Key Terms
94(1)
Review Questions
95(1)
Practice Quiz
95(2)
Chapter 4 Pavlovian Applications
97(32)
4-1 Fear
98(7)
The "Mother of Behavior Therapy": Mary Cover Jones
100(1)
Fear of Public Speaking
101(4)
4-2 Prejudice
105(3)
4-3 Paraphilic Disorder
108(3)
Paraphilia Disorders
109(2)
4-4 Taste Aversion
111(4)
Nature's Weed Whackers
115(1)
4-5 Advertising
115(4)
4-6 Drug Addiction
119(5)
4-7 Health Care
124(2)
A Final Word
126(1)
Key Terms
127(1)
Review Questions
127(1)
Practice Quiz
128(1)
Chapter 5 Operant Learning: Reinforcement
129(43)
5-1 Beginnings
130(4)
E. L. Thorndike: What the Occasion Demanded
132(2)
5-2 Types of Operant Learning
134(7)
B. F. Skinnen The Darwin of Behavioral Science
140(1)
5-3 Kinds of Reinforcers
141(6)
Primary and Secondary
142(3)
Natural and Contrived
145(1)
Operant and Pavlovian Learning Compared
146(1)
5-4 Variables Affecting Operant Learning
147(9)
Contingency
147(2)
Contiguity
149(2)
Reinforcer Characteristics
151(1)
Behavior Characteristics
152(1)
Psychology's Replication Crisis
153(1)
Motivating Operations
153(2)
Other Variables
155(1)
5-5 Neuromechanics of Reinforcement
156(3)
5-6 Theories of Positive Reinforcement
159(5)
Hull's Drive-Reduction Theory
160(1)
Relative Value Theory and the Premack Principle
161(2)
Response-Deprivation Theory
163(1)
5-7 Theories of Avoidance
164(5)
The Two-Process Theory
165(3)
The One-Process theory
168(1)
A Final Word
169(1)
Key Terms
170(1)
Review Questions
170(1)
Practice Quiz
171(1)
Chapter 6 Reinforcement: Beyond Habit
172(25)
6-1 Shaping New Behavior
173(4)
The Shaping of Shaping
174(2)
Tips for Shapers
176(1)
6-2 Chaining
177(4)
6-3 Insightful Problem Solving
181(4)
6-4 Creativity
185(4)
6-5 Superstition
189(4)
Quick! Get Some Mud!
192(1)
6-6 Helplessness
193(2)
A Final Word
195(1)
Key Terms
195(1)
Review Questions
195(1)
Practice Quiz
196(1)
Chapter 7 Schedules of Reinforcement
197(39)
7-1 Beginnings
198(1)
7-2 Simple Schedules
199(18)
Continuous Reinforcement
200(1)
Fixed Ratio
200(2)
Variable Ratio
202(2)
Life Is a Gamble
204(1)
Fixed Interval
205(2)
Variable Interval
207(2)
Extinction
209(4)
Other Simple Schedules
213(3)
Stretching the Ratio
216(1)
7-3 Compound Schedules
217(3)
7-4 The Partial Reinforcement Effect
220(7)
Discrimination Hypothesis
222(1)
So Many Theories? I'm Frustrated!
223(1)
Frustration Hypothesis
224(1)
Sequential Hypothesis
224(1)
Response Unit Hypothesis
225(2)
7-5 Choice and the Matching Law
227(5)
A Final Word
232(1)
Key Terms
233(1)
Review Questions
234(1)
Practice Quiz
234(2)
Chapter 8 Operant Learning: Punishment
236(25)
8-1 Beginnings
237(1)
8-2 Types of Punishment
238(2)
Aversive Confusion: Positive Punishment and Negative Reinforcement
240(1)
8-3 Variables Affecting Punishment
240(9)
Contingency
241(2)
Contiguity
243(1)
Texting While Driving--Punishable by Death
244(1)
Punisher Intensity
245(1)
Introductory Level of Punisher
246(1)
Reinforcement of the Punished Behavior
247(1)
Alternative Sources of Reinforcement
247(1)
Motivating Operations
247(2)
OtherVariables
249(1)
8-4 Theories of Punishment
249(3)
Two-ProcessTheory
250(1)
One-Process Theory
251(1)
8-5 Problems with Punishment
252(3)
8-6 Alternatives to Punishment
255(3)
A Final Word
258(1)
Key Terms
258(1)
Review Questions
259(1)
Practice Quiz
259(2)
Chapter 9 Operant Applications
261(26)
9-1 Home
262(2)
9-2 School
264(6)
9-3 Clinic
270(8)
Self-Injurious Behavior
271(3)
Delusions
274(2)
Paralysis
276(2)
Operant Medical Assessment
278(1)
9-4 Work
278(3)
9-5 Zoo
281(3)
Reinforcement Goes to the Dogs
284(1)
A Final Word
284(1)
Key Terms
284(1)
Review Questions
285(1)
Practice Quiz
285(2)
Chapter 10 Observational Learning
287(37)
10-1 Beginnings
288(1)
10-2 Types of Observational Learning
289(8)
Social Observational Learning
289(5)
Asocial Observational Learning
294(1)
Vicarious Pavlovian Conditioning?
295(2)
10-3 Emulation and Imitation
297(6)
10-4 Variables Affecting Observational Learning
303(8)
Difficulty of the Task
303(1)
Skilled vs. Unskilled Model
303(2)
Characteristics of the Model
305(1)
Characteristics of the Observer
306(2)
Consequences of Observed Acts
308(1)
Consequences of the Observer's Behavior
309(1)
Observational Learning and Human Nature
310(1)
Cross-Species Observational Learning
310(1)
10-5 Theories of Observational Learning
311(3)
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
311(2)
Operant Learning Model
313(1)
10-6 Applications of Observational Learning
314(7)
Education
315(2)
Social Change
317(4)
The Downside of Observational Learning
321(1)
A Final Word
321(1)
Key Terms
322(1)
Review Questions
322(1)
Practice Quiz
323(1)
Chapter 11 Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus Control
324(33)
11-1 Beginnings
325(1)
11-2 Generalization
325(7)
Generalized Therapy
331(1)
11-3 Discrimination
332(8)
11-4 Stimulus Control
340(1)
11-5 Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus Control in the Analysis of Behavior
341(8)
Mental Rotation as Generalization
342(1)
Concept Formation as Discrimination Learning
343(3)
Smoking Relapse as Stimulus Control
346(3)
11-6 Theories of Generalization and Discrimination
349(5)
Pavlov's Theory
349(1)
Spence's Theory
350(1)
The Lash ley-Wade Theory
351(3)
A Final Word
354(1)
Key Terms
355(1)
Review Questions
355(1)
Practice Quiz
356(1)
Chapter 12 Forgetting
357(34)
12-1 Beginnings
358(1)
12-2 Defining Forgetting
359(4)
Learning for the Future
360(2)
A Taxonomy of Knowledge
362(1)
12-3 Measuring Forgetting
363(3)
12-4 Sources of Forgetting
366(14)
Degree of Learning
368(1)
The Man Who Couldn't Forget
369(1)
Prior Learning
370(2)
Bartlett's "The War of the Ghosts"
372(2)
Subsequent Learning
374(1)
Changes in Context
375(4)
The State of Learning
379(1)
12-5 Applications
380(8)
Eyewitness Testimony
380(2)
Learning to Remember
382(5)
Say All Fast Minute Each Day Shuffle
387(1)
A Final Word
388(1)
Key Terms
389(1)
Review Questions
389(1)
Practice Quiz
390(1)
Chapter 13 The Limits of Learning
391(17)
13-1 Physical Characteristics
392(1)
13-2 Nonheritability of Learned Behavior
393(2)
13-3 Heredity and Learning Ability
395(3)
Recipe for Genius
397(1)
13-4 Neurological Damage and Learning
398(1)
13-5 Critical Periods
399(2)
13-6 Preparedness and Learning
401(5)
Learning and Humanity
405(1)
The Last Final Word
406(1)
Key Terms
406(1)
Review Questions
406(1)
Practice Quiz
407(1)
Concept Check Answers 408(4)
Glossary 412(8)
References 420(39)
Author Index 459(9)
Subject Index 468
Dr. Paul Chance received his Ph.D. in psychology from Utah State University. In addition to teaching at Salisbury University in Maryland, Dr. Chance has served as an adjunct instructor at the California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo. He started his career as a school teacher, teaching grades 7-9, before moving to the college level. Dr. Chance has also worked as Book Review Editor for Psychology Today magazine. He is a senior fellow of the Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies and a member of the Association for Science in Autism Treatment advisory board. Dr. Ellen Furlong earned her Ph.D. in psychology at the Ohio State University. An animal cognition scholar and animal welfare advocate, Dr. Furlong is the author of several scholarly and popular press articles on animal cognition and behavior. Her research focuses on evolutionary origins of human and animal cognition, origins of decision-making, and number cognition. She joined the faculty at Illinois Wesleyan University (IWU) in 2013 where she teaches courses on animal behavior, perception, cognition, and research methods. She also directs the IWU Dog Scientists, a research group that explores cognition in dogs and zoo animals.