Contributors |
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vii | |
Preface |
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ix | |
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1 Classification of Biorefineries Taking into Account Sustainability Potentials and Flexibility |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Classification Systems |
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3 | (22) |
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1.3 Revisiting the Classification System---Goals and Scopes of Biorefineries |
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25 | (2) |
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1.4 Inclusion of Sustainability in the Classification System |
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27 | (6) |
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1.5 Inclusion of Flexibility |
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33 | (2) |
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1.6 The Rationale of Public and Private Incentives: The Role of Classification |
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35 | (1) |
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1.7 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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36 | (5) |
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37 | (4) |
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2 Fundamentals of Life Cycle Assessment and Specificity of Biorefineries |
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2.1 Life Cycle Assessment: From Infancy to a Standardized Methodology |
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41 | (3) |
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2.2 Definition of the Goal and Scope |
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44 | (10) |
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54 | (5) |
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2.4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) |
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59 | (9) |
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68 | (1) |
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2.6 Imprecision, Uncertainties and Meaningfulness in LCA |
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68 | (3) |
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2.7 Extension of Environmental Life Cycle Assessment |
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71 | (2) |
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2.8 Conclusion and Perspectives |
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73 | (4) |
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73 | (4) |
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3 Life-Cycle Assessment of Agricultural Feedstock for Biorefineries |
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77 | (3) |
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3.2 Agricultural Residues |
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80 | (4) |
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84 | (8) |
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3.4 Overall Comparison of Feedstocks and Land-Use Change Effects |
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92 | (2) |
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3.5 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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94 | (3) |
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95 | (2) |
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4 Life Cycle Assessment of Sugar Crops and Starch-Based Integrated Biorefineries |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (18) |
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118 | (25) |
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4.5 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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143 | (4) |
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Appendix Combustion Performance of 1 MJ of Lignocellulosic Feedstock (Bagasse) |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (2) |
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5 Life Cycle Assessment of Vetiver-Based Biorefinery With Production of Bioethanol and Furfural |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (3) |
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5.3 Experiments and Data Inventory |
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152 | (8) |
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5.4 Life Cycle Assessment |
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160 | (2) |
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5.5 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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162 | (5) |
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163 | (4) |
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6 Life Cycle Assessment of Thermochemical Conversion of Empty Fruit Bunch of Oil Palm to Bio-Methane |
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167 | (2) |
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6.2 Hydrothermal Gasification: Process Design |
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169 | (11) |
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180 | (8) |
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188 | (6) |
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6.5 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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194 | (5) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (3) |
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7 Life Cycle Assessment of Algal Biorefinery |
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199 | (2) |
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201 | (6) |
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207 | (5) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (4) |
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7.6 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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216 | (5) |
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216 | (5) |
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8 Life Cycle Assessment and Land-Use Changes: Effectiveness and Limitations |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (2) |
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8.3 Complexity of LUC Mechanisms |
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224 | (2) |
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8.4 Monitoring: Use of Historical Data and Statistical Analysis |
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226 | (1) |
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8.5 Expert-Based Opinions |
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226 | (1) |
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8.6 Economic Equilibrium Models |
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227 | (1) |
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8.7 Accuracy of Biofuels Chains' LCAs: Importance of Accounting for LUC Effects |
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228 | (1) |
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8.8 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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229 | (4) |
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229 | (4) |
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9 Modeling Land-Use Change Effects of Biofuel Policies: Coupling Economic Models and LCA |
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233 | (6) |
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239 | (3) |
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9.3 Main Coupling Approaches |
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242 | (2) |
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9.4 Typical Implementation and Results |
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244 | (4) |
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9.5 Implementation in Biofuels Policy and Regulation |
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248 | (4) |
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9.6 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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252 | (7) |
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Annex 9.1 Selected Model Applications to Assess the LUC Effects of Biofuel Policies |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (5) |
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10 Towards an Integrated Sustainability Assessment of Biorefineries |
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259 | (1) |
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10.2 Sustainability Definition |
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260 | (3) |
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263 | (4) |
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10.4 Other Environmental Issues |
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267 | (5) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (5) |
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10.7 Multicriteria and Multiactor Assessment |
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278 | (7) |
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10.8 Assessment Perspectives and Development |
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285 | (11) |
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10.9 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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296 | (7) |
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296 | (7) |
Index |
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303 | |