Acknowledgments |
|
xv | |
Introduction: A Linguistic Perspective on English Grammar: Some Basic principles and Themes |
|
xvii | |
|
1 Nouns and Noun Phrases in Linguistic Perspective |
|
|
3 | (36) |
|
|
4 | (2) |
|
|
6 | (7) |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
10 | (3) |
|
Common Nouns and Problems of Countablity |
|
|
13 | (3) |
|
Common Nouns and problems of Number and plurality |
|
|
16 | (2) |
|
Some Further Problems with Plurality |
|
|
18 | (2) |
|
Some Thoughts on Proper Nouns |
|
|
20 | (2) |
|
|
22 | (11) |
|
|
24 | (7) |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
|
33 | (4) |
|
|
37 | (2) |
|
2 Verbs and Verb Phrases in Linguistic Persective |
|
|
39 | (38) |
|
|
40 | (3) |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
Verbs, Activities, and Processes |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
Verbs and punctual Situations |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
45 | (4) |
|
The Three Primary Verbs in English |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
Morphosyntactic Properties of the Primary Verbs in English |
|
|
50 | (4) |
|
NICE Property # 1: Negation |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
NICE Property # 2: Inversion |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
NICE Property # 4: Emphasis |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
The Primary Verbs as main Verbs |
|
|
54 | (3) |
|
|
57 | (18) |
|
Multi-Word Verbs as Lexical Verbs |
|
|
59 | (2) |
|
|
61 | (3) |
|
Multi-Word Verbs: Problems of Form and Problems of Meaning |
|
|
64 | (9) |
|
Multi-Word Verbs: Some further Problems |
|
|
73 | (2) |
|
|
75 | (2) |
|
3 Adjectives and Adverbs in Linguistic Perspective |
|
|
77 | (36) |
|
The Adjective Word Class: Morphosyntactic Characteristics |
|
|
78 | (22) |
|
The Position of Adjectives: The Prenominal Position |
|
|
79 | (2) |
|
The Position of Adjectives: The Predicative Position |
|
|
81 | (5) |
|
Adjective-Forming Suffixes |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Comparative and Superlative Forms |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Modification of Adjectives |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
The Semantics of Prefixes |
|
|
88 | (3) |
|
The Semantics of Adjectives |
|
|
91 | (5) |
|
Prenominal Adjectives and the problem of Adjective order |
|
|
96 | (2) |
|
Two More Problems with Adjectives: Participles and Compounds |
|
|
98 | (2) |
|
Adverbs: A Highly Problematic Category |
|
|
100 | (11) |
|
Comparing Adjectives and Adverbs |
|
|
102 | (4) |
|
|
106 | (2) |
|
Adverbs as Modifiers and Linkers |
|
|
108 | (3) |
|
|
111 | (2) |
|
4 Determining Words and prepostions in Linguistic Perspective |
|
|
113 | (42) |
|
Determining Words: Some Important Preliminaries |
|
|
114 | (22) |
|
Determining Words and Adjectives |
|
|
116 | (5) |
|
The Articles in English Form |
|
|
121 | (2) |
|
The Articles in English: Meaning and Use |
|
|
123 | (6) |
|
Articles and Proper Nouns |
|
|
129 | (3) |
|
A Brief Notes on the Grammar of English Demonstratives |
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
A Brief Note on Genitive Pronouns as Determining Words |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
Pre-determiners and Post-determiners |
|
|
134 | (2) |
|
Prepostitions in English: Some Improtant Issues |
|
|
136 | (15) |
|
English Prepositions: Some Remarks on Their Syntactic Properties |
|
|
139 | (3) |
|
English Prepositions: Meaning and Use |
|
|
142 | (9) |
|
|
151 | (4) |
|
5 Participants, Functions, and Roles |
|
|
155 | (32) |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
The Idea of Grammatical Fucntions |
|
|
158 | (3) |
|
The Idea of Semantic Roles |
|
|
161 | (10) |
|
|
162 | (2) |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
The EXPERIENCER Semantic Role |
|
|
164 | (2) |
|
The PATIENT Semantic Role |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Some Further Semantic Roles |
|
|
166 | (5) |
|
|
171 | (13) |
|
|
175 | (4) |
|
|
179 | (5) |
|
|
184 | (2) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
6 Transitivity and Intransitivity |
|
|
187 | (36) |
|
What Does Transitivity Involve? |
|
|
188 | (3) |
|
Some Thoughts on Transitive Clauses and their Verbs |
|
|
191 | (16) |
|
Simple Transitive Clauses |
|
|
191 | (5) |
|
Extended Trnasitive Clauses |
|
|
196 | (9) |
|
Complex Transitive Clauses |
|
|
205 | (2) |
|
Some Thoughts on Intransitive Clauses and Their Verbs |
|
|
207 | (11) |
|
Simple Intransitive Clauses and Extended Intransitive Clauses |
|
|
208 | (3) |
|
Complex Intransitive Clauses |
|
|
211 | (7) |
|
The Fluidity of Transitivity |
|
|
218 | (2) |
|
|
220 | (3) |
|
|
223 | (40) |
|
Tense and Aspect in English: Some Initial Reflections |
|
|
224 | (5) |
|
|
225 | (4) |
|
Expressing the Future in English: A Linguistic Dispute |
|
|
229 | (3) |
|
Tense and Aspect in Combination: The English Present Simple |
|
|
232 | (8) |
|
Regular or Habitual Situations |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
States of Being or Possession |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Universal or "Timeless" Truths and Established Facts |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Commentary on Some Currently Unfolding Situation |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
Planned or Scheduled Future Situations |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
Unplanned or Unscheduled but Anticipated Future Situations |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
Narration of Past Events (the Historical Present) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
Informing and Commenting on "News" |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
Tense and Aspect in Combination: The English Past Simple |
|
|
240 | (4) |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
Extended Situation, Now Completed |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Tense and Aspect in Combination: The English Present and Past Progressive |
|
|
244 | (3) |
|
Progressive Marking on Verbs: A Potential Problem |
|
|
247 | (4) |
|
Tense and Aspect in Combination: The English Present and Past Perfect |
|
|
251 | (7) |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
Perfect of Persistent Situation |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
256 | (2) |
|
|
258 | (2) |
|
Pattern 1 Have + Been + V-ing |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
Pattern 2 Had + Been + V-ing |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Pattern 3 Modal auxiliary + Have + Been + V-ing |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Back to the Future: Will or Be Going To? |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
|
263 | (44) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
The Prototypical Modal Auxiliaries in English: Morphosyntactic Properties |
|
|
265 | (4) |
|
Acceptance of the NICE Properties |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Absence of a Third Person Singular Inflection |
|
|
267 | (2) |
|
Modal Auxiliaries: Some Additional Grammatical Characteristics |
|
|
269 | (4) |
|
The Semantics of the Prototypical Modals |
|
|
273 | (10) |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (2) |
|
Some Semi-Modal Expressions |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Grammatical Features of Semi-modals |
|
|
284 | (2) |
|
The Semantics of the Semi-Modals |
|
|
286 | (9) |
|
|
286 | (2) |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
290 | (2) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
Negative Utterances and the Particle Not |
|
|
295 | (9) |
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
Not as a Non-verbal Negator |
|
|
300 | (2) |
|
Complex Negators Involving Not |
|
|
302 | (2) |
|
|
304 | (3) |
|
9 Questions and Focus Constructions |
|
|
307 | (48) |
|
|
308 | (15) |
|
|
309 | (2) |
|
Replying to Yes/No Interrogatives |
|
|
311 | (2) |
|
|
313 | (4) |
|
Some Other Types of Questions |
|
|
317 | (6) |
|
Passive Voice in English: Some General Remarks |
|
|
323 | (5) |
|
Reasons for Omitting the Agent in Passive Constructions |
|
|
325 | (3) |
|
What Can Be Passivized and What Can't? |
|
|
328 | (10) |
|
|
335 | (3) |
|
English Passives: Meaning and Use |
|
|
338 | (7) |
|
|
341 | (4) |
|
Middle Voice Constructions |
|
|
345 | (3) |
|
Some Other Focus Constructions |
|
|
348 | (5) |
|
|
348 | (3) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
353 | (2) |
|
10 Complex Sentences in English: Coordination and Subordination |
|
|
355 | (42) |
|
|
356 | (3) |
|
The Semantics of And, Or, and But |
|
|
359 | (2) |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
The Idea of Subordination |
|
|
365 | (3) |
|
Three Types of Finite Complement Clause |
|
|
368 | (14) |
|
|
368 | (9) |
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
If/Whether Clause Complements |
|
|
379 | (3) |
|
Types of Nonfinite Complement Clauses |
|
|
382 | (10) |
|
Infinitive Clause Complements |
|
|
382 | (4) |
|
Infinitives With and Without Subjects |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
388 | (4) |
|
The Label Gerund (Or: To Be a Noun or Not To be a Noun? |
|
|
392 | (4) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
11 Complex Sentences in English: Relative Clauses and Related Constructions |
|
|
397 | (34) |
|
What Is a Relative Clause? |
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
The Position of English Relative Clauses |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Marking English Relative Clauses: The Relative Proforms |
|
|
400 | (7) |
|
|
407 | (5) |
|
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses |
|
|
412 | (11) |
|
The Discourse Function of Restrictive Relative Clauses |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Syntactic Constraints on Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses |
|
|
417 | (6) |
|
Relative Adverbial Clauses |
|
|
423 | (2) |
|
Nonprototypical Relative Clauses |
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
|
427 | (3) |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
12 Complex Sentences in English: Adverbial, Participial, and Conditional Clauses |
|
|
431 | (28) |
|
The Adverbial Function in English: An Overview |
|
|
432 | (7) |
|
Some Basic Functions of Adverbial Clauses |
|
|
434 | (3) |
|
Participial Adverbial Clauses |
|
|
437 | (2) |
|
|
439 | (2) |
|
The Main Types of Conditionals |
|
|
441 | (16) |
|
Simple (Real) Conditional Constructions |
|
|
443 | (2) |
|
Predicative (Real) Conditionals |
|
|
445 | (2) |
|
Hypothetical (Unreal) Conditionals |
|
|
447 | (3) |
|
Counterfactual (Unreal) Conditionals |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Some Other Types of Conditional |
|
|
451 | (4) |
|
Conditioanal Clauses in Discourse |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
|
459 | (6) |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
462 | (3) |
Glossary |
|
465 | (12) |
References |
|
477 | |