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E-grāmata: Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar

  • Formāts: 531 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Dec-2010
  • Izdevniecība: Information Age Publishing
  • ISBN-13: 9781617351709
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  • Formāts: 531 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Dec-2010
  • Izdevniecība: Information Age Publishing
  • ISBN-13: 9781617351709
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The proposed book is best described as a linguistically oriented textbook taking the grammar of English as its subject matter. It is directed to professional teachers of English (ESL and EFL) and their students, as well as those currently training to become teachers of English. The book is also likely to be of interest to interpreters, translators and other English language professionals. It will explore selected aspects and problem areas of English from a broadly “functional” linguistic perspective. My experience as a teacher and teacher trainer has shown me that this perspective has the potential to inspire teachers and students with a genuine enthusiasm for the grammatical features of English and that it often enables them to “make sense” of the grammar in a way that all too often other approaches signally fail to do.

An important focus of the book is on understanding grammar as a series of conventionalized patterns rather than a set of rules (which is how grammar has traditionally been presented). Moreover, unlike many other grammar books, this book emphasizes how the grammatical constructions under consideration are employed in various types of communicative situation, attention being given to the importance of discourse context in interpreting the target forms. In line with contemporary linguists generally, the approach adopted is descriptive rather than prescriptive. While the main focus is on English, I offer occasional comments on how the issue under discussion is expressed in languages other than English. Apart from the inherent interest which I hope such comparisons may have for the reader, I take the view that these can be helpful in casting further light on the grammar of English.

Acknowledgments xv
Introduction: A Linguistic Perspective on English Grammar: Some Basic principles and Themes xvii
1 Nouns and Noun Phrases in Linguistic Perspective
3(36)
Categorizing Words
4(2)
What is a Noun?
6(7)
Time Stability
9(1)
Concerteness
10(3)
Common Nouns and Problems of Countablity
13(3)
Common Nouns and problems of Number and plurality
16(2)
Some Further Problems with Plurality
18(2)
Some Thoughts on Proper Nouns
20(2)
Pronouns
22(11)
The personal Pronouns
24(7)
The Reciprocal Pronouns
31(1)
The Indefinite Pronouns
32(1)
Genitives and Partitives
33(4)
Further Reading
37(2)
2 Verbs and Verb Phrases in Linguistic Persective
39(38)
What Are Verbs?
40(3)
Verbs and Situations
43(1)
Verbs, Activities, and Processes
44(1)
Verbs and punctual Situations
44(1)
Verbs and States
45(4)
The Three Primary Verbs in English
49(1)
Morphosyntactic Properties of the Primary Verbs in English
50(4)
NICE Property # 1: Negation
50(1)
NICE Property # 2: Inversion
51(1)
NICE Property # 3: Code
52(1)
NICE Property # 4: Emphasis
53(1)
The Primary Verbs as main Verbs
54(3)
Multi-Word Verbs
57(18)
Multi-Word Verbs as Lexical Verbs
59(2)
Types of Multi-Word Verb
61(3)
Multi-Word Verbs: Problems of Form and Problems of Meaning
64(9)
Multi-Word Verbs: Some further Problems
73(2)
Further Reading
75(2)
3 Adjectives and Adverbs in Linguistic Perspective
77(36)
The Adjective Word Class: Morphosyntactic Characteristics
78(22)
The Position of Adjectives: The Prenominal Position
79(2)
The Position of Adjectives: The Predicative Position
81(5)
Adjective-Forming Suffixes
86(1)
Comparative and Superlative Forms
87(1)
Modification of Adjectives
88(1)
Adjectives and Prefixes
88(1)
The Semantics of Prefixes
88(3)
The Semantics of Adjectives
91(5)
Prenominal Adjectives and the problem of Adjective order
96(2)
Two More Problems with Adjectives: Participles and Compounds
98(2)
Adverbs: A Highly Problematic Category
100(11)
Comparing Adjectives and Adverbs
102(4)
The Position of Adverbs
106(2)
Adverbs as Modifiers and Linkers
108(3)
Further Reading
111(2)
4 Determining Words and prepostions in Linguistic Perspective
113(42)
Determining Words: Some Important Preliminaries
114(22)
Determining Words and Adjectives
116(5)
The Articles in English Form
121(2)
The Articles in English: Meaning and Use
123(6)
Articles and Proper Nouns
129(3)
A Brief Notes on the Grammar of English Demonstratives
132(2)
A Brief Note on Genitive Pronouns as Determining Words
134(1)
Pre-determiners and Post-determiners
134(2)
Prepostitions in English: Some Improtant Issues
136(15)
English Prepositions: Some Remarks on Their Syntactic Properties
139(3)
English Prepositions: Meaning and Use
142(9)
Further Reading
151(4)
5 Participants, Functions, and Roles
155(32)
Verbs and Participants
156(2)
The Idea of Grammatical Fucntions
158(3)
The Idea of Semantic Roles
161(10)
The AGENT Semantic Role
162(2)
The THEME Semantic Role
164(1)
The EXPERIENCER Semantic Role
164(2)
The PATIENT Semantic Role
166(1)
Some Further Semantic Roles
166(5)
The Subject in English
171(13)
Must We Have a Subject?
175(4)
Non-referential Subjects
179(5)
Objects in English
184(2)
Further Reading
186(1)
6 Transitivity and Intransitivity
187(36)
What Does Transitivity Involve?
188(3)
Some Thoughts on Transitive Clauses and their Verbs
191(16)
Simple Transitive Clauses
191(5)
Extended Trnasitive Clauses
196(9)
Complex Transitive Clauses
205(2)
Some Thoughts on Intransitive Clauses and Their Verbs
207(11)
Simple Intransitive Clauses and Extended Intransitive Clauses
208(3)
Complex Intransitive Clauses
211(7)
The Fluidity of Transitivity
218(2)
Further Reading
220(3)
7 Tense and Aspect
223(40)
Tense and Aspect in English: Some Initial Reflections
224(5)
What is Tense?
225(4)
Expressing the Future in English: A Linguistic Dispute
229(3)
Tense and Aspect in Combination: The English Present Simple
232(8)
Regular or Habitual Situations
234(1)
States of Being or Possession
235(1)
Universal or "Timeless" Truths and Established Facts
236(1)
Generic Statements
236(1)
Commentary on Some Currently Unfolding Situation
237(1)
Summaries
237(1)
Performatives
237(1)
Planned or Scheduled Future Situations
238(1)
Unplanned or Unscheduled but Anticipated Future Situations
238(1)
Narration of Past Events (the Historical Present)
239(1)
Informing and Commenting on "News"
239(1)
Tense and Aspect in Combination: The English Past Simple
240(4)
Single Completed Event
242(1)
Extended Situation, Now Completed
243(1)
Series of Regualr Events
243(1)
Conditional Possibility
244(1)
Signaling Politeness
244(1)
Tense and Aspect in Combination: The English Present and Past Progressive
244(3)
Progressive Marking on Verbs: A Potential Problem
247(4)
Tense and Aspect in Combination: The English Present and Past Perfect
251(7)
Perfect of Result
254(1)
Experiential Perfect
254(1)
Perfect of Persistent Situation
255(1)
Perfect of Recent Past
256(1)
Recurrent Event Perfect
256(2)
Some More Patterns
258(2)
Pattern 1 Have + Been + V-ing
258(1)
Pattern 2 Had + Been + V-ing
259(1)
Pattern 3 Modal auxiliary + Have + Been + V-ing
259(1)
Back to the Future: Will or Be Going To?
260(1)
Further Reading
261(2)
8 Modality and Negation
263(44)
What is Modality?
264(1)
The Prototypical Modal Auxiliaries in English: Morphosyntactic Properties
265(4)
Acceptance of the NICE Properties
266(1)
Absence of a Third Person Singular Inflection
267(2)
Modal Auxiliaries: Some Additional Grammatical Characteristics
269(4)
The Semantics of the Prototypical Modals
273(10)
Can
275(1)
Could
276(1)
May
276(1)
Might
277(1)
Must
278(1)
Will
278(2)
Shall
280(1)
Would
281(1)
Should
281(1)
Ought
281(2)
Some Semi-Modal Expressions
283(1)
Grammatical Features of Semi-modals
284(2)
The Semantics of the Semi-Modals
286(9)
Be Going To
286(2)
Be Able To
288(1)
Be Supposed To
289(1)
Have To and Have Got To
290(2)
Had Better and Had Best
292(1)
Go Un-V
293(2)
Negative Utterances and the Particle Not
295(9)
The Semantics of Not
298(2)
Not as a Non-verbal Negator
300(2)
Complex Negators Involving Not
302(2)
Further Reading
304(3)
9 Questions and Focus Constructions
307(48)
Interrogative Utterances
308(15)
Yes/No Interrogatives
309(2)
Replying to Yes/No Interrogatives
311(2)
Wh-Interrogatives
313(4)
Some Other Types of Questions
317(6)
Passive Voice in English: Some General Remarks
323(5)
Reasons for Omitting the Agent in Passive Constructions
325(3)
What Can Be Passivized and What Can't?
328(10)
A Scale of Passivity
335(3)
English Passives: Meaning and Use
338(7)
Get Passive
341(4)
Middle Voice Constructions
345(3)
Some Other Focus Constructions
348(5)
Clefting
348(3)
Fronting
351(1)
Left-dislocation
351(1)
Locative Inversion
352(1)
Further Reading
353(2)
10 Complex Sentences in English: Coordination and Subordination
355(42)
Coordinated Clauses
356(3)
The Semantics of And, Or, and But
359(2)
And
359(1)
Or
360(1)
But
360(1)
Other Coordinators?
361(2)
Correlative Coordinators
363(2)
The Idea of Subordination
365(3)
Three Types of Finite Complement Clause
368(14)
That Clause Complements
368(9)
Wh-Clause Complements
377(2)
If/Whether Clause Complements
379(3)
Types of Nonfinite Complement Clauses
382(10)
Infinitive Clause Complements
382(4)
Infinitives With and Without Subjects
386(1)
-Ing Clause Complements
387(1)
Infinitives or -ing?
388(4)
The Label Gerund (Or: To Be a Noun or Not To be a Noun?
392(4)
Further Reading
396(1)
11 Complex Sentences in English: Relative Clauses and Related Constructions
397(34)
What Is a Relative Clause?
397(2)
The Position of English Relative Clauses
399(1)
Marking English Relative Clauses: The Relative Proforms
400(7)
Selecting Proforms
407(5)
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses
412(11)
The Discourse Function of Restrictive Relative Clauses
416(1)
Syntactic Constraints on Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses
417(6)
Relative Adverbial Clauses
423(2)
Nonprototypical Relative Clauses
425(2)
Some Related Clauses
427(3)
Further Reading
430(1)
12 Complex Sentences in English: Adverbial, Participial, and Conditional Clauses
431(28)
The Adverbial Function in English: An Overview
432(7)
Some Basic Functions of Adverbial Clauses
434(3)
Participial Adverbial Clauses
437(2)
Adverbials of Condition
439(2)
The Main Types of Conditionals
441(16)
Simple (Real) Conditional Constructions
443(2)
Predicative (Real) Conditionals
445(2)
Hypothetical (Unreal) Conditionals
447(3)
Counterfactual (Unreal) Conditionals
450(1)
Some Other Types of Conditional
451(4)
Conditioanal Clauses in Discourse
455(2)
Further Reading
457(2)
Endnotes
459(6)
Introduction
459(1)
Chapter 1
459(1)
Chapter 2
460(1)
Chapter 3
460(1)
Chapter 4
460(1)
Chapter 5
460(1)
Chapter 6
461(1)
Chapter 7
461(1)
Chapter 8
461(1)
Chapter 9
462(1)
Chapter 10
462(1)
Chapter 11
462(3)
Glossary 465(12)
References 477