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E-grāmata: Localizing Apps: A practical guide for translators and translation students

(principal research engineer at Symantec Research Labs, Dublin)
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The software industry has undergone rapid development since the beginning of the twenty-first century. These changes have had a profound impact on translators who, due to the evolving nature of digital content, are under increasing pressure to adapt their ways of working. Localizing Apps looks at these challenges by focusing on the localization of software applications, or apps. In each of the five core chapters, Johann Roturier examines:











The role of translation and other linguistic activities in adapting software to the needs of different cultures (localization);





The procedures required to prepare source content before it gets localized (internationalization);





The measures taken by software companies to guarantee the quality and success of a localized app.

With practical tasks, suggestions for further reading and concise chapter summaries, Localizing Apps takes a comprehensive look at the transformation processes and tools used by the software industry today.

This text is essential reading for students, researchers and translators working in the area of translation and creative digital media.

Recenzijas

Localizing apps fills an existing void and represents an outstanding addition to current literature examining the intersection of translation and technology. Miguel Jiménez-Crespo, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA"

List of figures
xi
List of listings
xii
Acknowledgments xiv
1 Introduction
1(15)
1.1 Context for this book
1(7)
1.1.1 Everything is an app
1(2)
1.1.2 The language challenge
3(1)
1.1.3 The need for localization
4(2)
1.1.4 New challenges affecting the localization industry
6(2)
1.2 Why a new book on this topic?
8(1)
1.3 Conceptual framework and key terminology
9(1)
1.4 Who is this book for?
10(2)
1.5 Book structure
12(2)
1.6 What this book does not cover
14(1)
1.7 Conventions
15(1)
2 Programming basics
16(33)
2.1 Software development trends
17(1)
2.2 Programming languages
18(3)
2.3 Encodings
21(5)
2.3.1 Overview
21(2)
2.3.2 Dealing with encodings using Python
23(3)
2.4 Software strings
26(7)
2.4.1 Concatenating strings
28(4)
2.4.2 Special character in strings
32(1)
2.5 Files
33(5)
2.5.1 PO
33(1)
2.5.2 XML
34(4)
2.6 Regular expressions
38(1)
2.7 Tasks
39(7)
2.7.1 Setting up a working Python environment
40(1)
2.7.2 Executing Python statements using a command prompt
41(2)
2.7.3 Creating a small Python program
43(1)
2.7.4 Running a Python program from the command line
43(1)
2.7.5 Running Python commands from the command line
44(1)
2.7.6 Completing a tutorial on regular expressions
45(1)
2.7.7 Performing contextual replacements with regular expressions (advanced)
45(1)
2.7.8 Dealing with encodings (advanced)
46(1)
2.8 Further reading and resources
46(3)
3 Internationalization
49(36)
3.1 Global apps
50(5)
3.1.1 Components
50(2)
3.1.2 Reuse
52(3)
3.2 Internationalization of software
55(13)
3.2.1 What is internationalization?
55(1)
3.2.2 Engineering tasks
56(4)
3.2.3 Traditional approach to the i18n and l10n of software strings
60(4)
3.2.4 Additional internationalization techniques
64(4)
3.3 Internationalization of content
68(8)
3.3.1 Global content from a structural perspective
68(2)
3.3.2 Global content from a stylistic perspective
70(6)
3.4 Tasks
76(5)
3.4.1 Evaluating the effectiveness of global gateways
77(1)
3.4.2 Internationalizing source Python code
77(2)
3.4.3 Extracting text from an XML file
79(1)
3.4.4 Checking text with LanguageTool
80(1)
3.4.5 Assessing the impact of source characteristics on machine translation
80(1)
3.4.6 Creating a new checking rule
81(1)
3.5 Further reading
81(4)
4 Localization basics
85(31)
4.1 Introduction
85(1)
4.2 Localization of software content
86(12)
4.2.1 Extraction
86(1)
4.2.2 Translation and translation guidelines
86(3)
4.2.3 Merging and compilation
89(3)
4.2.4 Testing
92(2)
4.2.5 Binary localization
94(1)
4.2.6 Project updates
95(1)
4.2.7 Automation
96(1)
4.2.8 In-context localization
97(1)
4.3 Localization of user assistance content
98(10)
4.3.1 Translation kit creation
100(1)
4.3.2 Segmentation
100(3)
4.3.3 Content reuse
103(1)
4.3.4 Segment-level reuse
104(1)
4.3.5 Translation guidelines
105(1)
4.3.6 Testing
106(1)
4.3.7 Other documentation components
106(2)
4.4 Localization of information content
108(1)
4.4.1 Characteristics of online information content
108(1)
4.4.2 Online machine translation
109(1)
4.5 Conclusions
109(1)
4.6 Tasks
110(4)
4.6.1 Localizing software strings using an online localization environment
110(2)
4.6.2 Translating user assistance content
112(1)
4.6.3 Evaluating the effectiveness of translation guidelines
113(1)
4.7 Further reading and resources
114(2)
5 Translation technology
116(48)
5.1 Translation management systems and workflows
117(6)
5.1.1 High-level characteristics
117(3)
5.1.2 API-driven translation
120(1)
5.1.3 Integrated translation
120(1)
5.1.4 Collaborative translation
121(1)
5.1.5 Crowdsourcing-based translation
122(1)
5.2 Translation environment
123(3)
5.2.1 Web-based
124(1)
5.2.2 Desktop-based
125(1)
5.3 Translation memory
126(1)
5.4 Terminology
127(8)
5.4.1 Why terminology matters
127(2)
5.4.2 Monolingual extraction of candidate terms
129(3)
5.4.3 Acquisition of term translations
132(1)
5.4.4 Terminology repositories and glossaries
133(2)
5.5 Machine translation
135(9)
5.5.1 Rules-based machine translation
136(1)
5.5.2 Statistical machine translation
137(6)
5.5.3 Hybrid machine translation
143(1)
5.6 Post-editing
144(5)
5.6.1 Types of post-editing
145(1)
5.6.2 Post-editing tools
146(2)
5.6.3 Post-editing analysis
148(1)
5.7 Translation quality assurance
149(9)
5.7.1 Actors
149(2)
5.7.2 Manual checks
151(1)
5.7.3 Rules-based checks
152(3)
5.7.4 Statistical checks
155(1)
5.7.5 Machine learning-based checks
155(2)
5.7.6 Quality standards
157(1)
5.8 Conclusions
158(1)
5.9 Tasks
159(2)
5.9.1 Reviewing the terms and conditions of an online translation management system
159(1)
5.9.2 Becoming familiar with a new translation environment
159(1)
5.9.3 Building a machine translation system and doing some post-editing
160(1)
5.9.4 Checking text and making global replacements
161(1)
5.10 Further reading and resources
161(3)
6 Advanced localization
164(21)
6.1 Adaptation of non-textual content
166(7)
6.1.1 Screenshots
166(2)
6.1.2 Other graphic types
168(1)
6.1.3 Audio and video
169(4)
6.2 Adaptation of textual content
173(4)
6.2.1 Transcreation
174(1)
6.2.2 Personalization
175(2)
6.3 Adaptation of functionality
177(3)
6.3.1 Regulatory compliance
177(1)
6.3.2 Services
178(1)
6.3.3 Core functionality
179(1)
6.4 Adaptation of location
180(2)
6.5 Conclusions
182(1)
6.6 Tasks
182(3)
6.6.1 Understanding transcreation
182(1)
6.6.2 Adapting functionality
183(2)
7 Conclusions
185(9)
7.1 Programming
185(1)
7.2 Internationalization
186(2)
7.3 Localization
188(1)
7.4 Translation
189(1)
7.5 Adaptation
190(1)
7.6 New directions
191(3)
7.6.1 Towards real-time text localization
191(1)
7.6.2 Beyond text localization
192(2)
Bibliography 194(10)
Index 204
Johann Roturier works as a senior principal research engineer in Symantec Research Labs. He worked for ten years in the localization industry, where he held various positions ranging from freelance translator and linguistic quality assurance tester to researcher and open-source project manager.