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Measuring Social Welfare: An Introduction [Mīkstie vāki]

(Richard A. Horvitz Professor of Law and Professor of Economics, Philosophy, and Public Policy, Duke Law School)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 336 pages, height x width x depth: 157x234x18 mm, weight: 454 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Nov-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 019064303X
  • ISBN-13: 9780190643034
  • Mīkstie vāki
  • Cena: 54,71 €
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 336 pages, height x width x depth: 157x234x18 mm, weight: 454 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Nov-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 019064303X
  • ISBN-13: 9780190643034
Disputes over government policies rage in a number of areas. From taxation to climate change, from public finance to risk regulation, and from health care to infrastructure planning, advocates debate how policies affect multiple dimensions of individual well-being, how these effects balance against each other, and how trade-offs between overall well-being and inequality should be resolved.

How to measure and balance well-being gains and losses, is a vexed issue. Matthew D. Adler advances the debate by introducing the social welfare function (SWF) framework and demonstrating how it can be used as a powerful tool for evaluating governmental policies. The framework originates in welfare economics and in philosophical scholarship regarding individual well-being, ethics, and distributive justice. It has three core components: a well-being measure, which translates each of the possible policy outcomes into an array of interpersonally comparable well-being numbers, quantifying how well off each person in the population would be in that outcome; a rule for ranking outcomes thus described ; and an uncertainty module, which orders policies understood as probability distributions over outcomes. The SWF framework is a significant improvement compared to cost-benefit analysis (CBA), which quantifies policy impacts in dollars, is thereby biased towards the rich, and is insensitive to the distribution of these monetized impacts. The SWF framework, by contrast, uses an unbiased measure of well-being and allows the policymaker to consider both efficiency (total well-being) and equity (the distribution of well-being).

Because the SWF framework is a fully generic methodology for policy assessment, Adler also discusses how it can be implemented to inform government policies. He illustrates it through a detailed case study of risk regulation, contrasting the implication of results of SWF and CBA. This book provides an accessible, yet rigorous overview of the SWF approach that can inform policy-makers and students.

Recenzijas

Adler '91 explains how the social welfare function framework, a tool from theoretical economics, can guide governmental policymaking. According to Adler, the framework is more unbiased than a cost--benefit analysis and allows policymakers to consider both efficiency and equity. By combining economic and philosophical scholarship, Adler illuminates the framework's three dimensions: a well-being measure, a rule for ranking outcomes, and an uncertainty module. * Yale Law Report * Welfare theories and social choice theories certainly existed before Matthew Adler was born, but he is among the first to provide the means to bring this theoretical knowledge in welfare economics to a generalist audience, and to build bridges with the policy arena. Let us hope that this book transpires to be a crucial step in disseminating the social welfare approach. * Antoinette Baujard, OEconomia * Measuring Social Welfare is a stimulating read, full of practical implications, and it will be of interest to moral and political theorists, and anyone working on public policy. * Nicolas Cōté, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice * The strength of this book is the parsimonious use of mathematical notations which makes it accessible for everyone with a minimal math knowledge. Despite its simplicity, it remains a stimulating reading for all economics scholars. I look forward to reading Adler's next book. * Domenico Moramarco, The Journal of Economic Inequality * A pathbreaking, state-of-the-art exploration of the idea of social welfare, with major theoretical advances and lots of implications for actual practice. A tremendous achievement."-Cass R. Sunstein, former Administrator, White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, and author, On Freedom This important book is by a world leader in the study of social welfare. It provides an extremely useful introduction to a field that deserves a central place in all curricula. Everyone interested in public policy should be familiar with the insights and methods developed in Measuring Social Welfare. It enhances our ability to assess complex social situations, taking into account efficiency and equity simultaneously, and provides a toolkit that increases our ability to assess options, trade-offs, and fairness."-Marc Fleurbaey, Robert E. Kuenne Professor in Economics and Humanistic Studies, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University

Acknowledgments xi
List of Abbreviations
xiii
Introduction 1(5)
Sources for Introduction 6(1)
1 The Social Welfare Function: An Overview
7(34)
1.1 The SWF Framework: A Synopsis
7(13)
1.1.1 Well-Being
10(5)
1.1.2 The Rule E
15(4)
1.1.3 The Uncertainty Module
19(1)
1.2 The SWF Framework and Ethics
20(10)
1.2.1 Ethical Evaluation
21(3)
1.2.2 Substantive Ethical Premises
24(6)
1.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis
30(8)
1.4 Arrow's Theorem
38(1)
Sources for
Chapter 1
39(2)
2 Measuring Well-Being
41(42)
2.1 Why the SWF Framework Requires Interpersonal Comparisons
41(6)
2.2 The Preference Account of Well-Being (with a Primer on Utility Theory)
47(8)
2.3 Using vNM Utility Functions to Construct a Well-Being Measure
55(10)
2.4 The Equivalent-Income Well-Being Measure
65(3)
2.5 Objective-Good and Experientialist Accounts of Well-Being
68(5)
2.6 Lifetime Well-Being
73(3)
2.7 Why Are Some Economists Skeptical of Interpersonal Comparisons?
76(3)
Sources for
Chapter 2
79(4)
3 The Landscape of SWFs
83(32)
3.1 Five Leading SWFs
84(11)
3.2 Axioms for SWFs
95(9)
3.3 The Landscape of SWFs
104(2)
3.4 The Uncertainty Module and Uncertainty Axioms
106(6)
Sources for
Chapter 3
112(3)
4 Which SWF Should We Choose? A Debate
115(46)
4.1 The Utilitarian SWF vs. Continuous-Prioritarian SWFs
117(21)
4.1.1 Fairness: The Veil of Ignorance or Claims?
117(7)
4.1.2 Invariance
124(6)
4.1.3 Uncertainty
130(8)
4.1.4 A Verdict?
138(1)
4.2 Continuous Prioritarianism vs. Other Non-utilitarian SWFs
138(16)
4.2.1 Invariance
139(1)
4.2.2 Uncertainty
140(4)
4.2.3 Aggregation
144(4)
4.2.4 Relative Position and Equality
148(4)
4.2.5 Sufficiency
152(1)
4.2.6 A Verdict?
153(1)
4.3 Specifying a Continuous-Prioritarian Transformation Function
154(4)
Sources for
Chapter 4
158(3)
5 Implementing the SWF Framework: A Case Study
161(42)
5.1 Implementing the SWF Framework: Some General Comments
162(10)
5.1.1 Outcome Description
163(4)
5.1.2 Prediction
167(1)
5.1.3 Valuation
167(1)
5.1.4 The Special Advantages of ESWB and ESTWB
168(4)
5.2 The SWF Framework: A Risk-Regulation Example
172(20)
5.2.1 The Setup: Policies as Lotteries over Longevity/Income Bundles
173(4)
5.2.2 Valuational Components
177(3)
5.2.3 Ranking Policies
180(10)
5.2.4 Preference Heterogeneity
190(2)
5.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis
192(9)
Sources for
Chapter 5
201(2)
6 The Institutional Role of the SWF Framework
203(32)
6.1 Ethics and Social Practice
204(5)
6.2 Legal Permissibility of the SWF Framework
209(6)
6.3 Citizen Ethical Views and the SWF Framework
215(10)
6.3.1 Empirical Social Choice: Axioms
218(2)
6.3.2 Empirical Social Choice: SWF Parameters
220(4)
6.3.3 Empirical Social Choice: Inferring an SWF from Actual Policies
224(1)
6.4 Should the SWF Framework Be Limited to Tax-and-Transfer Policies?
225(8)
Sources for
Chapter 6
233(2)
7 Research Frontiers
235(24)
7.1 Variable Population
237(11)
7.1.1 The Neutral Life
239(3)
7.1.2 Non-identity
242(2)
7.1.3 Different Number Cases
244(4)
7.2 Responsibility
248(8)
Sources for
Chapter 7
256(3)
Appendix
259(38)
A Quasiorderings
259(1)
B The SWF Framework: Ranking Outcomes
260(2)
C Well-Being Measurement and Invariance
262(5)
D vNM Utility Functions and Well-Being Measures
267(1)
D.1 The vNM Method for Measuring Well-Being
267(4)
D.2 Why Bernoulli?
271(1)
E Different Possible Forms for the SWF (the Rule E)
272(1)
F Axiomatic Conditions on the SWF
273(1)
G Atkinson SWFs and Ratio Rescaling
274(2)
H Inequality Metrics and SWFs
276(1)
I The SWF Framework Under Uncertainty: The Structure of Policy Choice, the Uncertainty Module for an SWF, and Uncertainty Axioms
277(3)
J Utilitarianism and Continuous Prioritarianism Under Uncertainty
280(2)
K Harsanyi's Aggregation Theorem and Fleurbaey's Theorem
282(3)
K.1 Harsanyi's Aggregation Theorem
282(2)
K.2 Fleurbaey's Theorem
284(1)
L Separability and Additivity Under Uncertainty
285(4)
L.1 Separability Under Uncertainty
285(2)
L.2 Additive Expected Value Uncertainty Modules
287(2)
M Cost-Benefit Analysis
289(1)
N Numerical Examples
290(6)
N.1 Comparison of CBA and the SWF Framework (Chapter 1, Section 1.3)
290(1)
N.2 The Equivalent-Income Measure of Well-Being (Table 2.9)
291(1)
N.3 Risk-Regulation Case Study (Chapter 5)
292(4)
O Research Frontiers
296(1)
Sources for Appendix 297(2)
References 299(10)
Index 309
Matthew D. Adler is the Richard A. Horvitz Professor of Law and Professor of Economics, Philosophy, and Public Policy at Duke University, and is the founding director of the Duke Center for Law, Economics and Public Policy. His scholarship is interdisciplinary, drawing from both welfare economics and normative ethics.

Adler is the author of New Foundations of Cost-Benefit Analysis (Harvard, 2006; co-authored with Eric Posner) and Well-Being and Fair Distribution: Beyond Cost-Benefit Analysis (Oxford, 2012). He edited the Oxford Handbook of Well-Being and Public Policy with Marc Fleurbaey (2016). He was an editor of the journal Legal Theory until 2017, and is now an editor of the journal Economics and Philosophy.