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E-grāmata: Microplastics: Behavior, Fate, and Remediation

  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 08-Mar-2023
  • Izdevniecība: Bernan Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781636710815
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  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 08-Mar-2023
  • Izdevniecība: Bernan Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781636710815
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An in-depth look at what microplastics are, how prevalent they are, and what can be done about them for a professional and academic audience.

The first part of the book provides an overview of plastics types, how they are released to the environment, and how they interact with organisms. This part also provides a background for several salient aspects of microplastics hazards (e.g., attachment of toxic chemicals, toxicity to organisms). Special attention will be paid to how microplastics decompose in the environment (which is significant in terms of mobility of toxicity). Subsequent chapters address how to sample and identify microplastics. The second part of the book examines technologies for removal of microplastics from water, wastewater and from soil. Biological, chemical and physical technologies are presented. Theory of operation, practical considerations, and possible environmental impacts of their use are discussed.

Key aspects include:

* technologies available for removal of microplastics from wastewater and surface water;

* how various toxins which are sorbed to microplastics adversely affect wastewater treatment processes;

* technologies at the pilot- and field stage for removal of microplastics from sediment;

* industrial practices for preventing microplastic losses from manufacturing facilities; and

* the distribution of microplastics in the atmosphere.

Written by John Pichtel, author of the acclaimed Fundamentals of Site Remediation, and Mathew Simpson.
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiv
PART I CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROPLASTICS
1(200)
1 Introduction
3(22)
Background
3(1)
The Plastics Waste Problem
4(4)
Management of Plastic Waste
8(1)
Microplastics
9(1)
Size Ranges of MPs
10(1)
Morphology of MPs
11(1)
Hazards of MPs
12(1)
The Food Web
12(1)
Hazards and Humans
13(1)
MPs Sorb and Transport Contaminants
14(1)
Closing Statements
15(10)
2 Polymer Chemistry and Properties
25(32)
Introduction
25(4)
Classification of Polymers
29(1)
Thermoplastics and Thermosets
29(1)
Elastomers
30(1)
Polymerization Method
31(1)
Chain Type
32(1)
Copolymer Blends
32(3)
Crystallinity
35(2)
Additives
37(2)
Plasticizers
39(1)
Flame Retardants
39(4)
Antioxidants
43(2)
Heat Stabilizers
45(1)
Curing Agents
46(1)
Slip and Antiblocking Agents
46(1)
Antistatic Agents
47(1)
Biocides
48(1)
Colorants
48(2)
Unreacted Monomers and Oligomers
50(1)
Closing Statements
51(6)
3 Microplastic Types
57(36)
Introduction
57(1)
Primary MPs
57(2)
Nurdles
59(1)
Microbeads
60(2)
Composition
62(1)
Implications
62(2)
Secondary MPs
64(1)
Conversion of Macroplastics to Secondary MPs
64(2)
Photodegradation
66(2)
Air Pollution
68(1)
Hydrolysis
69(1)
Thermal
69(1)
Mechanical
70(1)
Microbial
71(1)
Important Secondary MPs
72(1)
Tire and Road Wear Particles
72(1)
Particulates from Tire Wear
72(4)
Plastics in Road Construction
76(1)
Road-Marking Materials
76(1)
Thermoplastic Road-Marking Paint
76(1)
Water-Based Paints
77(1)
Solvent-Based Paints
78(1)
Two-Component Paints
78(1)
Road-Marking Tape
78(1)
Hazardous Substances in Road-Marking Products
78(1)
Microfibers
79(1)
Manufacture
79(1)
Washing
80(1)
Disposal
80(1)
Implications
81(1)
Closing Statements
82(11)
4 Distribution of Microplastics in the Biosphere
93(30)
Introduction
93(1)
MPs in Marine Ecosystems
94(12)
Beaches
106(1)
MPs in Freshwater Ecosystems
107(2)
MPs in Terrestrial Ecosystems
109(6)
Closing Statements
115(8)
5 Interactions of Contaminants with Microplastics
123(44)
Introduction
123(1)
Sorption of Heavy Metals to MPs
123(5)
Mechanisms: Factors Affecting Metal Sorption by MPs
128(1)
Polymer Type
128(1)
Metals Involved
128(1)
Solution pH
129(1)
Dissolved Organic Matter
129(1)
Contribution of Biofilms
130(1)
Extent of Particle Weathering
130(1)
Sorption of Persistent Organic Pollutants to MPs
131(5)
Mechanisms of Hydrocarbon Sorption
136(1)
Sorption of Radionuclides to MPs
137(2)
Sorption of Antibiotics
139(1)
Sorption of Microorganisms to MPs
140(9)
Sorption of Pathogenic Microorganisms
149(2)
Sorption of Drug-Resistant Bacteria
151(1)
Implications: The Vector Capabilities of MPs
151(2)
Closing Statements
153(14)
6 Collection, Identification, and Quantification of Microplastics
167(34)
Introduction
167(1)
Field Sampling
167(1)
Sampling in Water
168(5)
Sampling Sediment and Soil
173(2)
Collection of Atmospheric Samples
175(1)
Separation of MPs from Environmental Media
176(1)
Flotation/Density Separation
177(1)
Sieving and Filtration
178(1)
Sample Processing: Removal of Residual Organic Matter
179(1)
Visual Sorting of MPs
180(1)
Analytical Techniques for Polymer Identification
181(1)
FTIR Spectroscopy
181(4)
Raman Spectroscopy
185(2)
Pyrolysis-GC/MS
187(1)
Electron Microscopy
188(1)
Fluorescence
189(1)
Quality Control
190(1)
Closing Statements
191(10)
PART II SEPARATION OF MICROPLASTICS FROM WATER AND SEDIMENT
201(74)
7 Removal of Microplastics from Wastewater
203(42)
Introduction
203(7)
Unit Operations at WWTPs
210(1)
MP Removal during Pretreatment
211(1)
Screening
211(1)
Grit Chamber
212(1)
MP Removal in Primary Treatment
213(2)
Flotation
215(1)
MP Removal in Secondary Treatment
216(1)
MP Removal in the Activated Sludge Process
217(4)
MP Removal in Biofilm-Related Process
221(1)
Membrane Bioreactors
222(2)
MP Removal in Tertiary Treatment
224(1)
Rapid Sand Filtration
225(2)
Dissolved Air Flotation
227(1)
Reverse Osmosis
227(1)
Coagulation
228(7)
Closing Statements
235(10)
8 Recovery of Microplastics from Sediment
245(30)
Introduction
245(1)
Practical Issues in Particle Separation
246(1)
Density Separation
247(1)
Separation Solutions
248(1)
Technologies for Density Separation
248(2)
Practical Issues with Density Separation
250(1)
Elutriation
251(1)
Froth Flotation
251(1)
The Reactor Vessel
252(2)
Relevant Particle Properties
254(1)
Flotation Reagents
254(1)
Collectors
255(1)
Frothers
255(3)
Jigging
258(2)
Design and Operation of the Jigging Vessel
260(1)
The Jigging Cycle
261(1)
Feed Characteristics
262(1)
Particle Density
262(1)
Particle Size
262(1)
Particle Shape
262(1)
Bed Depth and Feed Rate
263(1)
Jigs for Plastic-Plastic Separation
263(1)
Electrostatic Separation
264(2)
Closing Statements
266(9)
PART III DECOMPOSITION OF MICROPLASTICS
275(104)
9 Chemical Technologies for Microplastic Destruction
277(28)
Introduction
277(1)
Advanced Oxidation Processes
278(2)
Ozone and Ozone AOPs
280(2)
O3/H2O2
282(1)
O3/UV
283(1)
Ozone and Microplastics
284(1)
The Fenton Reaction and Fenton-Related AOPs
285(3)
The Fenton Reactor
288(2)
The Photo-Fenton Process
290(1)
Homogeneous Photoelectro-Fenton Process
290(1)
Fenton and Microplastics
291(1)
Wet Air Oxidation
291(1)
The WAO Reactor
292(3)
Closing Statements
295(10)
10 Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation
305(26)
Introduction
305(1)
Photocatalysis on Microplastics---Mechanisms
305(3)
Photocatalysis on Microplastics---Applications
308(7)
Titanium Dioxide
315(1)
Zinc Oxide
316(2)
Other Catalysts
318(3)
Photocatalytic Reactors
321(3)
Closing Statements
324(7)
11 Decomposition by Microorganisms
331(42)
Introduction
331(1)
General Process
332(1)
Bacterial-Directed MP Degradation
333(7)
New Functional Groups and Intermediates
340(2)
Bacterial Consortia
342(1)
Fungal-Mediated MP/Plastic Degradation
343(10)
Other Microbial Types
353(1)
Factors Affecting Microbial-Mediated Degradation of MPs/Plastics
354(1)
Polymer Properties
354(1)
Environmental Factors
355(1)
Temperature
355(1)
Oxygen
356(1)
Ph
356(1)
Nutrients
356(2)
Organism-Related Factors
358(1)
The Significance of Biofilms
359(1)
MPs Degradation Using Bioreactor Technology
360(1)
Pretreatment of the MP Feedstock
361(1)
The Bioreactor
362(1)
Continuous Stirred Tank Bioreactor
362(2)
Anaerobic Phase
364(1)
Other Innovative Biological Technologies
364(1)
Closing Statements
365(8)
12 Final Remarks
373(6)
Acronyms Used in This Book
377(2)
Glossary of Terms 379(12)
Index 391(10)
About the Authors 401
John Pichtel is a professor of Environment, Geology and Natural Resources at Ball State University in Muncie, IN, where he has been on the faculty since 1987. He received the PhD degree in Environmental Science at Ohio State University, the MS degree in Soil Chemistry/ Agronomy at Ohio State, and the BS degree in Natural Resources Management at Rutgers University. Dr. Pichtels primary research and professional activities have been in remediation of contaminated sites, management of hazardous materials, and environmental chemistry. Dr Pichtel teaches courses in environmental site assessment, site remediation, emergency response to hazmat incidents, and management of solid and hazardous wastes.

Dr. Pichtel is a Certified Hazardous Materials Manager. He holds memberships in the Institute of Hazardous Materials Managers, Sigma Xi Scientific Society, International Association of Arson Investigators, and the Indiana Academy of Science. He was selected as a Fulbright Scholar in 1999 and again in 2005. Dr. Pichtel has written two books addressing waste management and cleanup of contaminated sites, and one book on response to weapons of mass destruction. He has been the author or coauthor of approximately 70 research articles. He has served as a consultant in hazardous waste management projects and has conducted environmental assessments and remediation research in the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, Italy, and Poland.

Mathew Simpson is a PhD candidate in Environment, Geology and Natural Resources at Ball State University. He received the BS degree in Geology at Ball State University. Mr. Simpsons PhD research focuses on the characterization and ecotoxicology of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems. He has conducted research on the presence of microplastics in high alpine aquatic environments in Nepal. Mr. Simpson has experience in water quality studies developing water, sanitation, and hygiene programs; and phase 1 and 2 environmental site assessments. He is certified in Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response. Mr. Simpson is an active member of the Geological Society of America, American Geophysical Union, and the National Science Policy Network.