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E-grāmata: Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Epigenetics

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Edited by (Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India), Edited by (Professor of Molecular Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA)
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  • Sērija : Translational Epigenetics
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Nov-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128005279
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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : Translational Epigenetics
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Nov-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128005279
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Neurobehavioral Disorders and Epigenetics is a comprehensive reference for the epigenetic basis of most common neurobehavioral disorders. The volume is organized into 22 chapters representing individual neurological disorders, from Addiction to Stress. The epigenetic aspects of each disorder are addressed by at least two scientists with expertise in that research area. Particular emphasis is placed by each contributing author on potential epigenetic interventions. In an effort to cover a broad range of epigenetic mechanisms including DNA modification, histone post-translational modification, chromatin organization and non-coding RNA, author contributions were selected accordingly. In addition the effects of environmental stimuli on epigenetic states is addressed in some chapters based on relevance to disease induction.

Recent discoveries in epigenetic research enabled by advances in genomic technologies, have positioned the field for broad translation to therapeutic interventions for previously unmanageable disorders. Clearly neurobehavioral disorders represent a prime target of epigenetic interventions as they are highly debilitating, often chronic diseases with high costs to society. Thus, these collected works will define epigenetics as a key player in neurobehavioral disorders, highlight the full spectrum of epigenetic mechanisms underlying such disorders and introduce the vast range of epigenetic therapies under development.

  • Relates the effects of environmental stimuli on epigenetic states to neurological disease induction
  • Analysis of the epigenetic basis for common neuropsychiatric disorders and how it guides treatment, providing insight and perspective to both clinicians and basic scientists
  • Extensive use of diagrams, illustrations and tables, and graphical abstracts for each subsection permits rapid review

Papildus informācija

This volume defines the epigenetic mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric disorders and introduces potentially revolutionary epigenetic therapies for each condition
List of Contributors
xv
Preface xix
SECTION I NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND EPIGENETICS: GENERAL ASPECTS
Chapter 1 Introduction to Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Epigenetics
3(6)
J. Peedicayil
D.R. Grayson
D.H. Yasui
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
4(1)
1.3 Historical Outline of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
4(1)
1.4 Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Epigenetics
5(1)
1.5 Epigenetics and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Translational Aspects
6(3)
Abbreviation
6(1)
Glossary
6(1)
Acknowledgment
7(1)
References
7(2)
Chapter 2 Environmental Factors and Epigenetics of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
9(26)
A. Hoffmann
D. Spengler
2.1 Introduction: Gene X Environment Interactions Revisited
10(1)
2.2 The Epigenetic Dimension of Neuroplasticity
10(2)
2.3 What are Molecular Epigenetic Mechanisms?
12(2)
2.3.1 Epigenetic Tagging of DNA
12(2)
2.3.2 Epigenetic Tagging of Histones
14(1)
2.4 ELA as a Major Risk Factor for Neuropsychiatric Disorders
14(2)
2.5 The Stress System as a Mediator of ELA
16(2)
2.6 Epigenetic Programming of the Stress System
18(4)
2.6.1 Epigenetic Programming of the GR by Early Life Experiences
18(2)
2.6.2 Epigenetic Programming of Fkbp5 by Glucocorticoids and ELA
20(2)
2.7 Epigenetic Programming of Hypothalamic Neuropeptides by ELA
22(3)
2.7.1 Epigenetic Programming of Crh
22(1)
2.7.2 Epigenetic Programming of Avp by ELA
23(1)
2.7.3 Epigenetic Programming of Pituitary Pomc by ELA
24(1)
2.8 Epigenetic Programming of the HPA Axis by Early Nutrition
25(2)
2.8.1 Epigenetic Programming of the GR by Early Undernutrition
25(1)
2.8.2 Epigenetic Programming of Hypothalamic Pomc by Early Overnutrition
25(2)
2.9 Other Epigenetic Aspects of Nutritional Effects on Neuropsychiatric Disorders
27(1)
2.10 Therapeutic Prospects
27(8)
Abbreviations
28(1)
Glossary
29(1)
Acknowledgment
29(1)
References
29(6)
Chapter 3 Epigenetic Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
35(34)
C.-C. Lin
T.-L. Huang
3.1 Introduction
35(1)
3.2 Schizophrenia
36(9)
3.2.1 DNA Methylation
36(5)
3.2.2 Histone Modifications
41(1)
3.2.3 MicroRNAs
42(3)
3.3 Bipolar Disorder
45(4)
3.3.1 DNA Methylation
45(3)
3.3.2 Histone Modifications
48(1)
3.3.3 MicroRNAs
48(1)
3.4 Major Depressive Disorder
49(6)
3.4.1 DNA Methylation
50(3)
3.4.2 Histone Modifications
53(1)
3.4.3 MicroRNAs
54(1)
3.5 Conclusions
55(14)
Abbreviations
56(1)
Glossary
56(1)
Acknowledgments
57(1)
References
57(12)
SECTION II EPIGENETICS OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Chapter 4 Epigenetics and Cognitive Disorders---Translational Aspects
69(24)
F. Coppede
4.1 Introduction: Epigenetics and Cognitive Disorders
69(1)
4.2 DNA Methylation and Histone Tail Modifications
70(2)
4.3 Epigenetic Changes in Alzheimer's Disease
72(2)
4.3.1 DNA Methylation in Alzheimer's Disease
73(1)
4.3.2 Histone Tail Modifications in Alzheimer's Disease
74(1)
4.4 Epigenetic Changes in Parkinson's Disease
74(1)
4.4.1 DNA Methylation in Parkinson's Disease
75(1)
4.4.2 Histone Tail Modifications in Parkinson's Disease
75(1)
4.5 Epigenetic Changes in Huntington's Disease
75(1)
4.5.1 DNA Methylation in Huntington's Disease
76(1)
4.5.2 Histone Tail Modifications in Huntington's Disease
76(1)
4.6 Epigenetic Drugs
76(2)
4.6.1 DNMT Inhibitors
76(1)
4.6.2 HDAC Inhibitors
77(1)
4.7 Natural Compounds Exerting Epigenetic Properties
78(1)
4.8 Manipulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
79(2)
4.9 Manipulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
81(1)
4.10 Manipulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms for the Treatment of Huntington's Disease
82(1)
4.11 Conclusions
83(10)
Abbreviations
84(1)
Glossary
85(1)
References
86(7)
Chapter 5 Epigenetics in Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Translational Aspects
93(14)
T. Kubota
5.1 Introduction
93(1)
5.2 Epidemiological Understanding of PDD
94(1)
5.3 Genetic Understanding of PDD
94(1)
5.4 Epigenetic Abnormalities in Congenital PDD
94(2)
5.4.1 Abnormalities in Genomic Imprinting
94(1)
5.4.2 Abnormalities in X-Chromosome Inactivation
95(1)
5.4.3 Abnormalities in Enzymes Associated With Epigenetic Gene Regulation
96(1)
5.5 Updated Understanding of Rett Syndrome
96(2)
5.6 Acquired Epigenetic Changes Associated With PDD
98(2)
5.7 Conclusions
100(7)
Glossary
101(1)
References
102(5)
Chapter 6 Epigenetic Causes of Intellectual Disability---the Fragile X Syndrome Paradigm
107(22)
E. Tabolacci
G. Neri
6.1 Introduction
107(2)
6.2 Fragile X Syndrome
109(2)
6.3 The FMR1 Gene and the FMRP Protein
111(3)
6.4 Different Transcripts at the FMR1 Locus
114(2)
6.5 Epigenetic Modifications of the FMR1 Locus and the Enigma of Unmethylated Full Mutation Alleles
116(2)
6.6 Translational Strategies
118(11)
Abbreviations
121(1)
References
122(7)
Chapter 7 Epigenetics of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
129(12)
N. Perroud
S. Weibel
J.-M. Aubry
A. Dayer
7.1 Introduction
129(2)
7.1.1 The Role of the Environment
130(1)
7.1.2 Why Epigenetics in ADHD?
131(1)
7.2 Results of Epigenetic Studies of ADHD
131(3)
7.2.1 Epigenetics and Distal Risk Factors
131(1)
7.2.2 Epigenetics and Proximal Risk Factors
132(1)
7.2.3 Methylome-Wide Association Studies
133(1)
7.3 Discussion
134(1)
7.4 Conclusions
135(6)
Abbreviations
135(1)
References
136(5)
Chapter 8 The Epigenetics of Brain Aging and Psychiatric Disorders
141(22)
H. Gong
X. Xu
8.1 Epigenetics
141(7)
8.1.1 DNA Methylation
142(2)
8.1.2 Histone Posttranslational Modifications
144(1)
8.1.3 Noncoding RNAs
145(2)
8.1.4 Integration of Multiple Epigenetic Modifications
147(1)
8.2 Epigenetics of Brain Aging
148(3)
8.2.1 DNA Methylation in Brain Aging
149(1)
8.2.2 Histone Posttranslational Modifications in Brain Aging
149(1)
8.2.3 ncRNAs in Brain Aging
150(1)
8.3 Epigenetics of Psychiatric Disorders
151(3)
8.3.1 DNA Methylation
152(1)
8.3.2 Histone Posttranslational Modifications
153(1)
8.3.3 Noncoding RNAs
153(1)
8.4 Intervention and Pharmacology of Epigenetics in Brain Aging and Psychiatric Disorders
154(3)
8.4.1 Intervention
154(2)
8.4.2 Pharmacology
156(1)
8.5 Conclusions
157(6)
Abbreviations
157(1)
Glossary
157(1)
References
158(5)
Chapter 9 Epigenetics and Down Syndrome
163(22)
A.D. Dekker
P.P. De Deyn
M.G. Rots
9.1 Introduction: Epigenetics has been Largely Neglected in Down Syndrome
163(2)
9.2 Epigenetic Mechanisms Affect Learning and Memory
165(1)
9.3 Altered DNA Methylation is Associated With DS
166(3)
9.4 Altered Histone Modifications are Associated With DS
169(3)
9.4.1 Posttranslational Histone Tail Modifications
169(3)
9.4.2 Histone Core Variants and Constitutive Chromatin Proteins
172(1)
9.5 Epigenetics in DS: A Link to Alzheimer's Disease?
172(2)
9.6 Epigenetic Therapy May Alleviate Cognitive Deficits in DS
174(2)
9.7 Conclusions
176(9)
Abbreviations
177(1)
Glossary
178(1)
Acknowledgments
178(1)
References
178(7)
Chapter 10 Epigenetics and Multiple Sclerosis
185(30)
L. Kular
G. Castelo-Branco
M. Jagodic
10.1 Multiple Sclerosis: Introduction
185(3)
10.2 Overview of Epigenetic Studies Performed in MS
188(7)
10.2.1 DNA Methylation
188(4)
10.2.2 Histone Posttranslational Modifications
192(1)
10.2.3 Histone Changes in Immune Cells and in CNS Tissue in MS
193(2)
10.3 Challenges in Epigenetic Studies
195(1)
10.4 Potential Roles of Epigenetic Changes in MS
195(7)
10.4.1 Potential Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms in Mediating Genetic Risk
196(2)
10.4.2 Potential Roles of Epigenetic Modifications in Mediating Environmental Risks
198(4)
10.5 Utility of Epigenetics in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of MS
202(2)
10.5.1 Epigenetic Patterns as a Biomarker
202(1)
10.5.2 Therapeutic Methods Based on Epigenetics
203(1)
10.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
204(11)
Abbreviations
206(1)
Glossary
207(1)
References
207(8)
Chapter 11 Epigenetics and Migraine
215(18)
S.H. Gan
M.M. Shaik
11.1 Introduction
215(1)
11.2 Genetic Vulnerability to Migraine
216(1)
11.3 Homocysteine and Migraine
217(1)
11.4 Estrogen and Migraine
218(4)
11.4.1 Homocysteine, Estrogen, and Epigenetics
220(2)
11.5 Calcitonin and Migraine
222(2)
11.6 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Migraine
224(1)
11.7 Conclusions
224(9)
Abbreviations
224(1)
Glossary
225(1)
References
225(8)
Chapter 12 The Role of Epigenetics in the Pathophysiology of Epilepsy
233(28)
S.M. Nam
K.-O. Cho
12.1 Introduction
233(1)
12.2 General Overview of Epilepsy and its Basic Mechanisms
234(6)
12.2.1 Classification of Seizures
234(1)
12.2.2 Classification of Epilepsy
235(1)
12.2.3 Cellular Alterations Induced by Acute Seizures
236(3)
12.2.4 Management of Epilepsy
239(1)
12.3 Epigenetic Modifications in Epilepsy
240(11)
12.3.1 DNA Methylation
240(2)
12.3.2 Histone Modifications
242(3)
12.3.3 Noncoding RNAs
245(5)
12.3.4 ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling Complex
250(1)
12.4 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Epilepsy
251(1)
12.5 Conclusions
252(9)
Abbreviations
252(2)
Glossary
254(1)
Acknowledgments
254(1)
References
255(6)
Chapter 13 Epigenetic Dysregulation in Brain Tumors and Neurodevelopment
261(16)
M.M. Hefti
N. Tsankova
13.1 Introduction
261(2)
13.2 Epigenetic Dysregulation in Pediatric Tumors
263(3)
13.2.1 H3K27M and H3G34R Mutations in Pediatric Gliomas
263(1)
13.2.2 INI-1 and Other SWI/SNF Complexes in Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumors
264(2)
13.2.3 Emerging Epigenetic Mutations in Medulloblastomas
266(1)
13.3 Epigenetic Dysregulation in Adult Tumors
266(3)
13.3.1 IDH Mutations in Adult Gliomas
266(1)
13.3.2 ATRX Mutations in Adult Gliomas
267(1)
13.3.3 Other Emerging Epigenetic Mutations in Adult Gliomas
267(2)
13.4 Tumor Cell of Origin and Epigenetics
269(1)
13.5 Emerging Epigenetic Therapies
269(1)
13.6 Epimutations and Neurocognitive Dysfunction Versus Carcinogenesis
269(1)
13.7 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Brain Tumors
270(1)
13.8 Conclusions
270(7)
Abbreviations
271(1)
Glossary
271(1)
References
271(6)
Chapter 14 Epigenetics and Cerebrovascular Diseases
277(22)
C. Soriano-Tarraga
J. Jimenez-Conde
J. Roquer
14.1 Cerebrovascular Diseases---Introduction
278(1)
14.2 Vascular Stroke Risk Factors
279(1)
14.3 Intermediate Phenotypes
279(1)
14.4 Genetic Risk Factors and Stroke
280(1)
14.5 Monogenic Causes of Stroke
280(1)
14.6 Stroke as a Complex Polygenic Disorder
281(1)
14.7 Evidence for Epigenetics in Stroke
282(1)
14.8 DNA Methylation and Stroke
283(2)
14.9 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine and Stroke
285(1)
14.10 Histones and Stroke
285(1)
14.11 Noncoding RNAs (miRNAs) and Stroke
286(1)
14.12 Modifiable Stroke Risk Factors and Epigenetics
287(1)
14.13 Epigenetics of Atherosclerosis
287(1)
14.14 Epigenetics of Hypertension
288(1)
14.15 Epigenetics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
288(1)
14.16 Epigenetics of Hyperlipidemia and Obesity
289(1)
14.17 Epigenetics of Atrial Fibrillation
289(1)
14.18 Epigenetics and Cigarette Smoking
290(1)
14.19 Epigenetics and Nutrition
290(1)
14.20 Tissue Specificity: Which is the Best Tissue for Studying Stroke Epigenetics?
291(1)
14.21 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Cerebrovascular Diseases
291(1)
14.22 Conclusions
292(7)
Abbreviations
293(1)
Glossary
293(1)
References
294(5)
Chapter 15 Epigenetics and Eating Disorders
299(10)
H. Frieling
V. Buchholz
15.1 Introduction
299(1)
15.2 Developmental Risk Factors
300(1)
15.3 Effects of Malnutrition and Energy Restriction
301(1)
15.4 Epigenetic Alterations in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa
302(1)
15.5 Conclusions: An Epigenetically Informed Model of Eating Disorders
303(6)
Abbreviations
305(1)
Glossary
305(1)
References
305(4)
Chapter 16 Epigenetics and Obesity
309(26)
B.M. Shewchuk
16.1 Introduction
309(1)
16.2 Epigenetic Mechanisms
310(1)
16.3 DNA Methylation
311(1)
16.4 Histone Modification
312(1)
16.5 Normal Developmental Epigenetic Processes
313(1)
16.6 Developmental Origins of Obesity
313(1)
16.7 Genetic Imprinting Disorders Associated With Obesity
314(2)
16.8 Genetic Associations With Obesity
316(1)
16.9 Epigenetic Control of Metabolism and Obesity Associated Genes
316(1)
16.10 Metabolic Regulation by Histone Modifying Enzymes
317(1)
16.11 Metabolic Pathway Connections to Epigenetic Mechanisms
318(1)
16.12 Hypothalamic Regulation of Energy Balance
319(3)
16.13 Epigenetic Programming of Hypothalamic Dysfunction by Perinatal Malnutrition
322(2)
16.14 Hypothalamic Epigenetic Targets Associated With Obesity
324(1)
16.15 Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis Dysfunction in Obesity
325(1)
16.16 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Obesity
326(1)
16.17 Conclusions
327(8)
Abbreviations
327(1)
Glossary
328(1)
References
329(6)
Chapter 17 Epigenetics and Drug Addiction: Translational Aspects
335(26)
J. Feng
17.1 Introduction: Drug Addiction, Reward Pathway, and Epigenetics
335(3)
17.2 Histone Modifications in Addiction
338(4)
17.2.1 Histone Acetylation in Drug Addiction
338(3)
17.2.2 Histone Methylation and Other Histone Modifications in Addiction
341(1)
17.3 Genome-Wide Mapping of Histone Modifications in Addiction
342(4)
17.4 DNA Modifications in Addiction
346(4)
17.5 Genome-Wide Mapping of DNA Modifications in Addiction
350(1)
17.6 Translational Future of Epigenetic Studies in Addiction Research
351(10)
Abbreviations
353(1)
Glossary
354(1)
Acknowledgment
354(1)
References
355(6)
Chapter 18 Epigenetics and Alcohol Use Disorders
361(40)
S. Sagarkar
A. Sakharkar
18.1 Introduction
361(2)
18.2 Histone Modifications
363(11)
18.2.1 Histone Acetylation and Deacetylation
363(8)
18.2.2 Histone Acetylation in Peripheral Tissues
371(1)
18.2.3 Histone Methylation Mechanisms
371(2)
18.2.4 Histone Phosphorylation
373(1)
18.3 DNA Methylation
374(6)
18.3.1 Alcohol and DNA Methylation
376(3)
18.3.2 Adolescent Drinking and Alcohol Use Disorders at Adulthood
379(1)
18.3.3 Alcohol and DNA Methylation Mechanisms in Peripheral Tissues
380(1)
18.4 MicroRNAs
380(3)
18.5 Conclusions
383(18)
Abbreviations
384(1)
Acknowledgments
385(1)
References
385(16)
SECTION III SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
Chapter 19 Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Epigenetics: Summary and Outlook
401(8)
J. Peedicayil
D.R. Grayson
D.H. Yasui
19.1 Introduction
401(1)
19.2 Differing Roles of Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Different Neuropsychiatric Disorders
402(1)
19.3 Epigenetics of Nonneuronal Cells in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
403(1)
19.4 Long Noncoding RNAs and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
403(1)
19.5 Future Strategies in the Epigenetics of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
404(5)
Abbreviations
404(1)
Glossary
405(1)
References
405(4)
Index 409
Dr Jacob Peedicayil completed MBBS in 1984 and MD in pharmacology in 1991, both at the Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. From 1993 to 1995 he did a Post-Doctoral Fellowship at the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India. From 1995 to 1998 he worked as a Research Fellow in the Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore. Since 1998 he has been on the faculty of the Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, becoming a professor in 2007. He does theoretical research on epigenetics, focusing on epigenetics in psychiatry. In addition, he is involved in experimental research in smooth muscle pharmacology. Dr Dennis R. Grayson received his PhD from the Department of Biochemistry at Wayne State University School of Medicine in 1984. He has been interested in mechanisms associated with gene expression for over 35 years. He joined the laboratory of Dr James E. Darnell at the Rockefeller University as a Post-Doctoral Fellow in 1984 to study cell-type specific transcription factors and their interaction with promoters and enhancers. In 1988, Dr Grayson joined the Fidia-Georgetown Institute for the Neurosciences at Georgetown University to study gene expression programs in neurons and continued this research program at Allegheny Singer Research Institute in Pittsburgh from 1995 to 1998. He continued his interests in psychiatry and joined the Psychiatric Institute at the University of Illinois in 1998. This represented a unique opportunity to pursue the molecular underpinnings of schizophrenia. Dr Grayson has received NRSA post-doctoral support, and R01 and K04 funding from the National Institutes of Health to support his work. He has published over 140 papers in peer-reviewed journals and is regularly invited to speak at numerous national and international meetings. He is currently Director of the Epigenetic Core of the Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics.
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