Introduction |
|
1 | (7) |
|
SECTION 1 HOW TO ASSEMBLE A HABITABLE PLANET |
|
|
8 | (16) |
|
The elements of life on Earth are billions of years old |
|
|
8 | (2) |
|
Atoms heavier than hydrogen are synthesized in stars |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
Six biogenic elements compose all forms of life |
|
|
11 | (2) |
|
Interstellar dust provided the atomic and molecular seeds of life for the solar system |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Molecular clouds are the birthplace of stars and planets |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
The solar system assembled from a disk of dust and gas circling the sun |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
Radioactive elements keep the Earth's core molten |
|
|
16 | (2) |
|
Radioactive decay tells us the age of the Earth |
|
|
18 | (2) |
|
Life could not begin until there was an ocean |
|
|
20 | (2) |
|
Earth's water was delivered by planetesimals and comets |
|
|
22 | (2) |
|
SECTION 2 FROM NOT ALIVE TO ALMOST ALIVE |
|
|
24 | (37) |
|
Different proposals for how life began on the Earth |
|
|
25 | (7) |
|
All life is cellular, and probably the first forms of life as well |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
Life requires liquid water |
|
|
33 | (3) |
|
Life probably began in freshwater on volcanic islands |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
37 | (2) |
|
Life is composed of polymers |
|
|
39 | (3) |
|
Organic compounds were available to support the origin of life |
|
|
42 | (2) |
|
In order to react, organic compounds must be concentrated |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
Energy and life's beginning |
|
|
44 | (3) |
|
Self-assembly and encapsulation are the first steps toward life |
|
|
47 | (2) |
|
The origin of life required a source of energy |
|
|
49 | (3) |
|
Catalysts are essential to all life today, and also were for earliest life |
|
|
52 | (2) |
|
Cycling conditions were essential for life to begin |
|
|
54 | (2) |
|
Some chemical reactions increase molecular complexity, others decompose complex molecules |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
Life depends on cycles of information transfer between nucleic acids and proteins |
|
|
57 | (2) |
|
The oldest known fossil evidence of life is around 3.5 billion years old |
|
|
59 | (2) |
|
SECTION 3 WHAT WE STILL NEED TO DISCOVER |
|
|
61 | (36) |
|
Is the RNA World real, or just conjecture? |
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
What is metabolism and how did it begin? |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
What were the first catalysts? |
|
|
64 | (2) |
|
How did regulatory feedback loops begin to function? |
|
|
66 | (2) |
|
How did life become homochiral? |
|
|
68 | (3) |
|
What is photosynthesis, and how did it begin? |
|
|
71 | (2) |
|
What was the first ribosome ? |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
How did the genetic code emerge? |
|
|
74 | (2) |
|
Where did viruses come from? |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
How did encapsulated polymer systems begin to evolve? |
|
|
77 | (2) |
|
What are progenotes and LUCA, the last universal common ancestor? |
|
|
79 | (2) |
|
How did prokaryotic life become eukaryotic life? |
|
|
81 | (2) |
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
Can we synthesize life in the laboratory? |
|
|
85 | (4) |
|
Could life begin again on the Earth today? |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
Could conditions on other planets allow life to begin? |
|
|
90 | (2) |
|
Will we ever know how life can begin? |
|
|
92 | (5) |
|
|
94 | (3) |
Index |
|
97 | |