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E-grāmata: Origin of Life: What Everyone Needs to Know?

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  • Formāts: 160 pages
  • Sērija : What Everyone Needs to Know
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Aug-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780190099015
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  • Formāts: 160 pages
  • Sērija : What Everyone Needs to Know
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Aug-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780190099015
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Our knowledge of our solar system has passed the point of no return. Increasingly, it seems possible that scientists will soon discover how life is created on habitable planets like Earth and Mars. Scientists have responded to a renewed public interest in the origin of life with research, but many questions still remain unanswered in the broader conversation. Other questions can be answered by the laws of chemistry and physics, but questions surrounding the origin of life are best answered by reasonable extrapolations of what scientists know from observing the Earth and its solar system.

Origin of Life: What Everyone Needs to Know® is a comprehensive scientific guide on the origin of life. David W. Deamer sets out to answer the top forty questions about the origin of life, including: Where do the atoms of life come from? How old is Earth? What was the Earth like before life originated? Where does water come from? How did evolution begin? After he provides the informational answer for each question, there is a follow-up: How do we know? This question expands the horizon of the whole book, and provides scientific reasoning and explanations for hypotheses surrounding the origin of life. How scientists come to their conclusions and why we can trust these answers is an important question, and Deamer provides answers to each big question surrounding the origin of life, from what it is to why we should be curious.
Introduction 1(7)
Section 1 How to Assemble a Habitable Planet
8(16)
The elements of life on Earth are billions of years old
8(2)
Atoms heavier than hydrogen are synthesized in stars
10(1)
Six biogenic elements compose all forms of life
11(2)
Interstellar dust provided the atomic and molecular seeds of life for the solar system
13(1)
Molecular clouds are the birthplace of stars and planets
14(1)
The solar system assembled from a disk of dust and gas circling the sun
15(1)
Radioactive elements keep the Earth's core molten
16(2)
Radioactive decay tells us the age of the Earth
18(2)
Life could not begin until there was an ocean
20(2)
Earth's water was delivered by planetesimals and comets
22(2)
Section 2 From Not Alive to Almost Alive
24(37)
Different proposals for how life began on the Earth
25(7)
All life is cellular, and probably the first forms of life as well
32(1)
Life requires liquid water
33(3)
Life probably began in freshwater on volcanic islands
36(1)
Life needs monomers
37(2)
Life is composed of polymers
39(3)
Organic compounds were available to support the origin of life
42(2)
In order to react, organic compounds must be concentrated
44(1)
Energy and life's beginning
44(3)
Self-assembly and encapsulation are the first steps toward life
47(2)
The origin of life required a source of energy
49(3)
Catalysts are essential to all life today, and also were for earliest life
52(2)
Cycling conditions were essential for life to begin
54(2)
Some chemical reactions increase molecular complexity, others decompose complex molecules
56(1)
Life depends on cycles of information transfer between nucleic acids and proteins
57(2)
The oldest known fossil evidence of life is around 3.5 billion years old
59(2)
Section 3 What We Still Need to Discover
61(36)
Is the RNA World real, or just conjecture?
61(2)
What is metabolism and how did it begin?
63(1)
What were the first catalysts?
64(2)
How did regulatory feedback loops begin to function?
66(2)
How did life become homochiral?
68(3)
What is photosynthesis, and how did it begin?
71(2)
What was the first ribosome?
73(1)
How did the genetic code emerge?
74(2)
Where did viruses come from?
76(1)
How did encapsulated polymer systems begin to evolve?
77(2)
What are progenotes and LUCA, the last universal common ancestor?
79(2)
How did prokaryotic life become eukaryotic life?
81(2)
Is there a Tree of Life?
83(2)
Can we synthesize life in the laboratory?
85(4)
Could life begin again on the Earth today?
89(1)
Could conditions on other planets allow life to begin?
90(2)
Will we ever know how life can begin?
92(2)
Further reading
94(3)
Index 97
David W. Deamer is Research Professor of Biomolecular Engineering at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He is author of several books, including Assembling Life (Oxford University Press 2019).