Preface |
|
ix | |
|
1 The Cause of Pressure Sores |
|
|
1 | (18) |
|
|
1.1 Incidence of pressure sores |
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
1.2 Description of tissues |
|
|
3 | (3) |
|
1.3 Stages of development |
|
|
6 | (2) |
|
1.4 Insufficient tissue perfusion |
|
|
8 | (3) |
|
1.5 Contribution of mechanical forces |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
1.6 Contribution of related factors |
|
|
12 | (4) |
|
1.7 Spinal cord injured persons |
|
|
16 | (2) |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
2 Pressure Distribution in Tissue |
|
|
19 | (16) |
|
|
2.1 Soft tissue physical model |
|
|
19 | (5) |
|
|
24 | (6) |
|
2.3 Deep pressure from skin pressure |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
2.4 Depth where pressure sore originates |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
2.5 Measuring skin blood flow |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
2.6 Pressure distribution at different locations |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
3 Signs of Pressure Sores |
|
|
35 | (15) |
|
|
|
35 | (3) |
|
3.2 Pressure sore risk assessment |
|
|
38 | (7) |
|
3.3 Objective evaluation of skin status |
|
|
45 | (3) |
|
|
48 | (2) |
|
4 Behavior to Prevent Pressure Sores |
|
|
50 | (6) |
|
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
4.2 Spinal cord injured persons |
|
|
50 | (2) |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
4.5 Pressure management team |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
4.6 Patient compliance outside institution |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
|
56 | (19) |
|
|
5.1 Cushion types and materials |
|
|
56 | (4) |
|
|
60 | (7) |
|
5.3 Cushion interface conditions |
|
|
67 | (5) |
|
5.4 Objective test methods for evaluation |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
5.5 Subjective methods for evaluation |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
75 | (17) |
|
|
6.1 General considerations |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
|
76 | (9) |
|
|
85 | (3) |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
7 Complex Pressure Relief Methods |
|
|
92 | (17) |
|
|
7.1 Alternating pressure devices |
|
|
92 | (2) |
|
|
94 | (4) |
|
|
98 | (2) |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
7.5 Assisted turning beds |
|
|
100 | (2) |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
7.7 Pressure distribution on different beds |
|
|
103 | (2) |
|
7.8 Automated wheelchair seats |
|
|
105 | (3) |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
8 Bladder Pressure Sensors |
|
|
109 | (12) |
|
|
|
109 | (2) |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
8.3 Bladder sensors with built-in switch |
|
|
112 | (3) |
|
8.4 Bladder sensors without built-in switch |
|
|
115 | (3) |
|
|
118 | (2) |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
9 Conventional Pressure Sensors |
|
|
121 | (21) |
|
|
9.1 General considerations |
|
|
121 | (2) |
|
9.2 Conductive polymer pressure sensors |
|
|
123 | (4) |
|
9.3 Semiconductor strain gages |
|
|
127 | (3) |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
9.5 Capacitive pressure sensors |
|
|
131 | (3) |
|
9.6 Optoelectronic pressure sensors |
|
|
134 | (3) |
|
9.7 Measuring internal pressure |
|
|
137 | (2) |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
140 | (2) |
|
10 Interface Pressure Distribution Visualization |
|
|
142 | (13) |
|
|
10.1 Visualization by dimensional changes |
|
|
142 | (4) |
|
10.2 Visualization by an ischiobarograph |
|
|
146 | (4) |
|
10.3 Visualization with computer displays |
|
|
150 | (4) |
|
10.4 Other visualization techniques |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
11 Accuracy of Pressure and Shear Measurement |
|
|
155 | (20) |
|
|
11.1 Pressure measurement |
|
|
155 | (4) |
|
11.2 Pressure measurement inconsistencies |
|
|
159 | (7) |
|
|
166 | (6) |
|
|
172 | (3) |
|
12 Behavior for Relieving Pressure |
|
|
175 | (16) |
|
|
12.1 Relation between pressure and duration |
|
|
175 | (3) |
|
12.2 Wheelchair pressure reliefs |
|
|
178 | (6) |
|
12.3 Pressure reliefs during sleep |
|
|
184 | (3) |
|
12.4 Transferring information |
|
|
187 | (3) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
13 Other Preventive Methods |
|
|
191 | (8) |
|
|
13.1 Functional electrical stimulation |
|
|
191 | (4) |
|
13.2 Soft tissue augmentation |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
13.3 Drug-based prevention |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
14 Treatment of Pressure Sores |
|
|
199 | (25) |
|
|
14.1 Physiology of wound healing |
|
|
199 | (6) |
|
14.2 Assessment and classification of pressure sores |
|
|
205 | (2) |
|
14.3 Conventional treatments |
|
|
207 | (7) |
|
14.4 Alternative and possible future treatments |
|
|
214 | (8) |
|
14.5 Costs of treating pressure sores |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
Index |
|
248 | |