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Proton Conductors: Solids, Membranes and Gels - Materials and Devices [Mīkstie vāki]

Edited by Philippe Colomban (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris)

Formāts: Paperback / softback, 616 pages, height x width x depth: 230x153x36 mm, weight: 916 g, 16 Tables, unspecified; 3 Halftones, unspecified; 124 Line drawings, unspecified
Sērija : Chemistry of Solid State Materials
Izdošanas datums: 11-Sep-2008
Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
ISBN-10: 0521078903
ISBN-13: 9780521078900

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Inorganic chemistry

Mīkstie vāki
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Formāts: Paperback / softback, 616 pages, height x width x depth: 230x153x36 mm, weight: 916 g, 16 Tables, unspecified; 3 Halftones, unspecified; 124 Line drawings, unspecified
Sērija : Chemistry of Solid State Materials
Izdošanas datums: 11-Sep-2008
Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
ISBN-10: 0521078903
ISBN-13: 9780521078900

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Inorganic chemistry

Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780521078900.html

The present book covers different aspects of proton conduction: the first part describes chemical and physical parameters necessary for fast proton conduction and proposes a classification of different kinds of proton conductors. Comparison is made with other hydrogen containing materials (metals, graphites). The importance of partial water pressure, the role of defects and surface phenomena are discussed. The second part treats the chemistry, structures and electrical properties of typical materials from hydrogen bronzes to polymers via ice, hydroxides, acid sulphates, layer hydrates, clays, gels and porous or fractal media. The third part discusses the methods concerning the proton dynamics from local to macroscopic scale. The fourth part deals with conductivity mechanisms and the last one presents typical applications: electrochemical systems for production or energy storage and microionic devices.

This book gives a comprehensive review of proton conductors, including theory, techniques, the materials themselves and applications.

Papildus informācija

This book gives a comprehensive review of proton conductors, including theory, techniques, the materials themselves and applications.

List of contributors

xvii

Preface

xxi

Symbols

xxviii

I. Hydrogen Bond and Protonic Species

(100)

The hydrogen bond and chemical parameters favouring proton mobility in solids

(17)

A. Potier

From ionic to protonic conduction

(1)

The lone proton migration mechanism (translocation)

(4)

Proton-carrying mechanisms (the vehicle mechanism or V-mechanism)

(1)

Structural effects

(3)

Chemical `equilibrium' and the `ionic defect': towards a chemical classification

(5)

References

(3)

Protonic species and their structures

(20)

D.J. Jones

J. Roziere

General introduction

(1)

Proton hydrates

(5)

Nitrogenous protonic species

(8)

References

(6)

Proton conductors: classification and conductivity

(23)

Ph. Colomban

A. Novak

Introduction

(4)

Classification of protonic conductors

(14)

References

(5)

Defects, non-stoichiometry and phase transitions

(18)

Ph. Colomban

A. Novak

Introduction

(1)

Ionic mobility and conductivity

(2)

Electronic conduction and non-stoichiometry

(5)

Water vapour pressure

(6)

References

(4)

Structural studies of proton conductors

(11)

J.O. Thomas

The structural situation

(1)

Proton jumps

(1)

Proton jumps and molecular reorientations

(4)

Short hydrogen bonds

(1)

Ordered and disordered networks

(3)

References

(1)

Hydrogen in metals: structure, diffusion and tunnelling

(11)

I. Svare

Introduction

(1)

Hydrogen absorption in metals

(3)

Hydrogen diffusion and tunnelling

(2)

A model of tunnelling

(3)

Other theories of tunnelling

(1)

References

(2)

II. Materials: Preparation, Structures and Properties

101

(89)

Structure and characterization of hydrogen insertion compounds of metal oxides

101

(21)

P.G. Dickens

A.M. Chippindale

Introduction

101

(3)

Preparations

104

(1)

Thermodynamic aspects of hydrogen insertion

105

(4)

Location of hydrogen in HxMOn

109

(9)

Conclusions

118

(1)

References

119

(3)

High temperature proton conductors based on perovskitetype oxides

122

(16)

H. Iwahara

Introduction

122

(1)

Proton conducting solids at high temperature

122

(1)

Preparation and properties of ceramics

123

(1)

Verification of protonic conduction

124

(4)

Conduction properties

128

(1)

Proton formation in oxides

129

(4)

Migration of protons

133

(3)

References

136

(2)

Highly ionic hydroxides: unexpected proton conductivity in Mg(OH) 2 and homologues

138

(20)

F.Freund

Introduction

138

(1)

Non-hydrogen bonded systems

138

(2)

Potential energy curve of the O-H oscillator

140

(4)

Direct current proton conductivity measurements

144

(3)

Proton conductivity results

147

(4)

Proton carrier density on the conduction band

151

(4)

Summary

155

(1)

References

156

(2)

Ice

158

(7)

I.A. Ryzhkin

Introduction

158

(1)

Structure of ordinary ice

158

(1)

Defects and conduction mechanism

159

(4)

Electrical properties of doped ice

163

(1)

Conclusion

163

(1)

References

164

(1)

Anhydrous materials: oxonium perchlorate, acid phosphates, arsenates, sulphates and selenates

165

(18)

Ph. Colomban

A. Novak

Oxonium perchlorate

165

(4)

Dihydrogen phosphates and arsenates, MH2XO4

169

(1)

Hydrogen sulphates and selenates

170

(9)

References

179

(4)

Hydrogen behaviour in graphite-nitric acid intercalation compounds

183

(7)

H. Fuzellier

J. Conard

Graphite intercalation compounds

183

(1)

Crystal structure of GNCs

184

(1)

H mobility

185

(3)

Conclusion

188

(1)

References

188

(2)

A. Inorganic ion exchangers

190

(48)

Proton-containing β- and β'' -alumina structure type compounds

190

(20)

H. Ikawa

Synthesis

190

(1)

Crystal structure and structural characteristics

191

(5)

Thermal transformations

196

(5)

Conductivity

201

(3)

Applications

204

(1)

References

205

(5)

Proton conduction in zeolites

210

(14)

E. Krogh Andersen

I.G. Krogh Andersen

E. Skou

Introduction

210

(2)

Materials and materials modification

212

(1)

Protonic conduction in alkali metal zeolites

213

(3)

Protonic conduction in ammonium zeolites and in hydrogen zeolites

216

(4)

protonic conduction in tin zeolites

220

(2)

Summary

222

(1)

References

223

(1)

Proton containing NASICON phases

224

(14)

A. Clearfield

Triphosphate phases

224

(7)

Silicophosphate phases

231

(3)

Structural considerations

234

(1)

Conclusions

235

(1)

References

235

(3)

B. Layer hydrates

238

(91)

Phosphates and phosphonates of tetravalent metals as protonic conductors

238

(16)

G. Alberti

M. Casciola

Introduction

238

(1)

Layered α-zirconium phosphate and its modified and intercalated phases

239

(9)

Other phosphates and phosphonates of tetravalent metals

248

(3)

Applications and future perspectives

251

(1)

References

251

(3)

Hydrogen uranyl phosphate, H3OUO2PO4.3H2O (HUP), and related materials

254

(18)

Ph. Colomban

A. Novak

Introduction

254

(1)

Preparation and chemistry

255

(3)

Thermal and chemical stability

258

(3)

Structure and phase transitions

261

(3)

Electrical properties

264

(3)

Related materials

267

(2)

References

269

(3)

From crystalline to amorphous (particle) hydrates: inorganic polymers, glasses, clays, gels and porous media

272

(22)

Ph. Colomban

A. Novak

Hydrous heteropolytungstic (molybdic, silicic) acids

275

(3)

Water layers in 2D frameworks

278

(4)

Hydrous oxides

282

(7)

References

289

(5)

Perfluorinated membranes

294

(17)

G. Pourcelly

C. Gavach

Historical background and development

294

(1)

Synthesis of perfluorinated membranes

295

(1)

Structure of perfluorinated membranes

296

(4)

Proton transport in perfluorosulphonic membranes

300

(7)

Perfluorinated membranes and related materials

307

(1)

Conclusions

308

(1)

References

308

(3)

Mixed inorganic-organic systems: the acid/polymer blends

311

(18)

J.C. Lassegues

Introduction

311

(3)

Preparation

314

(1)

Classification of the acid/polymer blends

314

(9)

Temperature dependence of the conductivity

323

(2)

Conclusion

325

(1)

References

326

(3)

III. Proton Dynamics and Charge Transport

329

(115)

Incoherent neutron scattering studies of proton conductors: from the anhydrous solid state to aqueous solutions

329

(21)

J.C. Lassegues

Introduction

329

(5)

Anhydrous solid protonic conductors

334

(4)

Hydrated solid protonic conductors

338

(4)

Acidic aqueous solutions

342

(3)

Conclusion

345

(1)

References

346

(4)

NMR studies of local motions in fast protonic conductors

350

(17)

S.V. Bhat

Introduction

350

(1)

NMR as a probe of structure and dynamics

351

(2)

High resolution NMR study of ammonium ferrocyanide hydrate (AFC)

353

(6)

High pressure NMR studies of AFC

359

(1)

Relaxation time studies of AFC

360

(1)

Effect of low dimensionality

361

(1)

Conclusion

362

(1)

References

363

(4)

Vibrational spectroscopy of proton conductors

367

(10)

Ph. Colomban

A. Novak

Introduction

367

(1)

Hydrogen bonding

368

(1)

Relationship between OH stretching frequencies and O...O distances

369

(1)

Isotopic dilution method

369

(1)

Structure determination

370

(1)

Disordered crystals

371

(3)

Potential barrier and conductivity

374

(1)

Phase transitions

375

(1)

References

375

(2)

Raman spectroscopic studies of proton conductors

377

(12)

R. Frech

Introduction

377

(1)

The Raman effect

377

(2)

Applications of Raman spectroscopy to the study of proton conductors

379

(8)

References

387

(2)

Frequency dependent conductivity, microwave dielectric relaxation and proton dynamics

389

(20)

Ph. Colomban

J.C. Badot

Definitions

389

(3)

Dielectric relaxation

392

(5)

Relaxation assignment in protonic conductors

397

(5)

Phase transitions, ferroelectricity and collective motions

402

(4)

References

406

(3)

Measuring the true proton conductivity

409

(9)

K.-D. Kreuer

The sample

409

(1)

H+ -conductivity measurement by a.c.-impedance spectroscopy

410

(2)

1H+ -diffusion coefficient measurement by PFG-NMR

412

(4)

References

416

(2)

D.C. techniques and a.c./d.c. combination techniques

418

(14)

E. Skou

I.G. Krogh Andersen

E. Krogh Andersen

Introduction

418

(1)

E.m.f. methods

419

(1)

D.C. methods

420

(5)

A.C./d.c. combination techniques

425

(5)

Conclusion

430

(1)

References

430

(2)

NMR in gels and porous media

432

(12)

J.P. Korb

F. Devreux

Introduction

432

(1)

Nuclear relaxation of solvent imbibed in porous materials

432

(5)

Pulsed field gradient experiments

437

(2)

Nuclear relaxation in fractal aerogels

439

(3)

NMR imaging and microscopy

442

(1)

Conclusion

442

(1)

References

443

(1)

IV. Proton Diffusion Mechanisms

444

(43)

Mobility in hydrogen-containing oxide bronzes: the atomic-level deatil

444

(13)

R.C.T. Slade

Applicable techniques

444

(2)

Results of atomic-level investigations

446

(9)

References

455

(2)

Conductivity mechanisms and models in anhydrous protonic conductors

457

(17)

Ph. Colomban

A. Novak

Theoretical interpretations of superionic conduction

457

(10)

Proton tunnelling

467

(1)

Superionic protonic conductivity

468

(2)

References

470

(4)

Conduction mechanisms in materials with volatile molecules

474

(13)

K.-D. Kreuer

Proton conduction mechanism in dilute acidic aqueous solutions

475

(6)

Proton conduction mechanism in concentrated acidic aqueous solutions

481

(1)

Proton conduction mechanism in n solid acidic hydrates

481

(3)

References

484

(3)

V. Devices

487

(1)

A. Energy storage and production

487

(36)

Applications of perfluorinated proton conductors (Nafions)

487

(12)

C. Gavach

G. Pourcelly

Introduction

487

(1)

Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) technology

488

(3)

Fuel cells and electrochemically regenerative cells

491

(2)

Electrolysers

493

(2)

Separation techniques

495

(1)

Catalysis

495

(1)

Coated electrodes

496

(1)

Conclusions

496

(1)

References

496

(3)

Synthesis of polycrystalline H3O+ and NH4+-β''/β-Al2O3 and potential applications in steam-electrolysis/fuel-cells

499

(12)

P.S. Nicholson

Introduction

499

(1)

Ion conducting structure of &beta'' - and β-aluminas

499

(1)

Synthesis of precursor ceramics

500

(2)

Alkali-ion exchange

502

(1)

Oxonium and ammoninium ion-exchange

503

(3)

Electrolyte characteristics and preliminary steam-electrolysis/fuel-cell calculations and performance

506

(2)

Summary

508

(1)

References

509

(2)

Fuel-cells, steam-electrolysis for hydrogen production and hydrogen separation using high temperature protonic conductors

511

(12)

H. Iwahara

Introduction

511

(1)

Fuel-cells

511

(5)

Steam-electrolysis for hydrogen production

516

(3)

Hydrogen separation

519

(1)

Other applications

520

(2)

References

522

(1)

B. Small components and microionic devices

523

(50)

Ice-based devices

523

(4)

I.A. Ryzhkin

Introduction

523

(1)

Screening effects and capacitance devices

523

(2)

Devices based on memory effects

525

(1)

Field transistors

525

(1)

Sensors

525

(1)

References

526

(1)

Solid-state gas sensors operating at room temperature

527

(12)

N. Miura

N. Yamazoe

Introduction

527

(3)

Principle of potentiometric sensors

530

(2)

New sensing modes

532

(2)

Simplification of sensor elements

534

(2)

Extension of proton conductor sensors

536

(1)

References

537

(2)

All solid-state protonic batteries

539

(12)

J. Guitton

C. Poinsignon

J.Y. Sanchez

A solid-state battery with a proton conducting electrolyte

539

(1)

Advantages and problems of batteries with a liquid proton conducting electrolyte

539

(2)

Characteristics of an ideal all solid-state battery

541

(1)

The first attempts

542

(1)

Recent improvements

543

(7)

References

550

(1)

Applications of proton conductors in electronchromic devices (ECDs)

551

(16)

O. Bohnke

Introduction

551

(1)

Structure of electrochromic devices

552

(2)

Mixed conductors as electrochromic materials

554

(3)

Proton conductors as electrolytes in ECD devices

557

(3)

ECD performances

560

(3)

Conclusions

563

(1)

References

564

(3)

Supercapacitors and interfacial charge accumulation devices

567

(6)

Ph. Colomban

M. Pham-Thi

Introduction

567

(1)

Device fabrication

568

(2)

Electrical properties

570

(1)

Giant accumulation layer at the Si-HUP interface

570

(2)

References

572

(1)

Index

573

Proton Conductors: Solids, Membranes and Gels - Materials and Devices [Mīkstie vāki]

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