Preface |
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xv | |
What's Our Book Like? |
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xv | |
What's New in the Fourth Edition? |
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xvi | |
Continuing Features |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
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1 Introducing the Concepts of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination |
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1 | (58) |
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5 | (1) |
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Historical Views of Ethnic Groups |
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5 | (3) |
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Cultural Influences on Perceptions of Race and Ethnicity |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (6) |
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Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (7) |
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The Relationships among Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (2) |
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Gender, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation |
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30 | (1) |
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Age, Ability, and Appearance |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (1) |
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Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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Intergroup Relations Theory |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (2) |
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Where Do We Go from Here? |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (12) |
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2 How Psychologists Study Prejudice and Discrimination |
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59 | (38) |
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60 | (2) |
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Measuring Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (2) |
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Implicit Cognition Measures |
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68 | (1) |
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Self-Report versus Physiological and Implicit Cognition Measures |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (4) |
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76 | (5) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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Using Multiple Research Strategies |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Were the Hypotheses Supported? |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (6) |
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3 Social Categorization and Stereotypes |
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97 | (46) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (2) |
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Types of Social Categories |
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100 | (2) |
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Bottom-up Influences on Categorization |
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102 | (4) |
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Top-Down Influences on Categorization |
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106 | (2) |
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Consequences of Categorization |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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The Outgroup Homogeneity Effect |
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109 | (1) |
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The Cross-Racial Identification Bias |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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The Ultimate Attribution Error |
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111 | (3) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (3) |
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Transmission of Stereotypic Beliefs |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (3) |
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Language and Stereotype Transmission |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Other Language-Related Stereotypes |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (3) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (10) |
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4 Stereotype Activation and Application |
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143 | (52) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Are Categorization and Stereotype Activation Independent Processes? |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Chronic Egalitarian Goals |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Motivation to Inhibit Stereotyping |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Self-Protection and Self-Enhancement Goals |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Ability to Inhibit Stereotyping |
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162 | (2) |
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164 | (1) |
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Why Do Stereotypes Rebound? |
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165 | (1) |
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Is Stereotype Rebound Inevitable? |
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166 | (1) |
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Consequences of Stereotype Use |
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167 | (1) |
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Biased Interpretation of Behavior |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (3) |
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171 | (3) |
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Stereotype Maintenance and Change |
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174 | (1) |
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecies |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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The Five Ds of Difference |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (11) |
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5 Old-Fashioned and Contemporary Forms of Prejudice |
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195 | (46) |
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The Transformation of Prejudice |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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...But Only Bad People Are Prejudiced |
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198 | (3) |
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...So "They" Should Stop Complaining |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (2) |
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Modern-Symbolic Prejudice |
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204 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice |
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205 | (2) |
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Psychological Bases of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice |
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207 | (2) |
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Modern-Symbolic Prejudice and Behavior |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Aversive Prejudice |
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211 | (1) |
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Psychological Bases of Aversive Prejudice |
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212 | (1) |
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Research on Aversive Prejudice |
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213 | (1) |
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Aversive Prejudice and Behavior |
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214 | (5) |
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219 | (1) |
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Sources of Ambivalent Attitudes |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (3) |
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The Problem of Benevolent Prejudice |
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224 | (3) |
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227 | (1) |
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Putting the Theories Together |
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228 | (3) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (8) |
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6 Individual Differences and Prejudice |
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241 | (44) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (2) |
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Perceived Value Differences |
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244 | (1) |
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The Attribution-Value Model |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (4) |
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250 | (4) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (3) |
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Social Dominance Orientation |
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257 | (5) |
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262 | (3) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (3) |
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268 | (3) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (2) |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (9) |
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7 The Development of Prejudice in Children |
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285 | (48) |
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Patterns of Prejudice Development |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (6) |
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294 | (3) |
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Prejudice against Sexual and Gender Minority Groups |
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297 | (3) |
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Processes of Prejudice Development |
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300 | (1) |
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Learning Social Categories |
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300 | (4) |
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304 | (1) |
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Development of Stereotypes and Prejudices |
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305 | (6) |
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311 | (1) |
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Reducing Children's Prejudice |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (2) |
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Barriers to Intergroup Contact |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (5) |
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Long-versus Short-Term Effects |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (2) |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (10) |
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8 The Social Context of Prejudice |
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333 | (48) |
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334 | (1) |
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Social Identity and Intergroup Bias |
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335 | (1) |
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Factors That Influence Social Identity |
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336 | (3) |
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Issues in Social Identity Theory |
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339 | (3) |
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Looking Back at Social Identity Theory |
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342 | (1) |
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Relative Deprivation Theory |
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343 | (1) |
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Relative Deprivation, Dissatisfaction, and Resentment |
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344 | (2) |
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Relative Deprivation and Prejudice |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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Realistic Conflict Theory |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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Contemporary Views of Intergroup Competition |
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350 | (4) |
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354 | (3) |
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357 | (1) |
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Why People Join Hate Groups |
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358 | (4) |
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Myths Concerning Hate Group Members |
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362 | (1) |
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Recruiting Hate Group Members |
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362 | (2) |
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364 | (3) |
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367 | (3) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (2) |
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373 | (1) |
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373 | (8) |
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9 From Prejudice to Discrimination |
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381 | (50) |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (2) |
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385 | (2) |
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387 | (1) |
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Interpersonal Discrimination |
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387 | (1) |
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The Relation between Prejudice and Discrimination |
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388 | (4) |
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Motivation to Control Prejudiced Responses |
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392 | (3) |
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395 | (3) |
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Reactions to Having Acted in a Prejudiced Manner |
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398 | (1) |
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Discrimination in the Workplace |
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399 | (1) |
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399 | (5) |
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Individuals in the Workplace |
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404 | (5) |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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Motivations for Hate Crimes |
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410 | (5) |
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415 | (2) |
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417 | (2) |
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419 | (2) |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (9) |
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10 The Experience of Discrimination |
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431 | (58) |
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432 | (1) |
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What Defines a Stigmatized Group? |
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432 | (3) |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (4) |
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Recognizing Both Stressors and Resilience in Stigmatized Groups |
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440 | (1) |
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Consequences of Prejudice for Members of Stigmatized Groups |
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441 | (1) |
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Physical and Psychological Health |
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441 | (7) |
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448 | (9) |
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Responses to Prejudice and Discrimination |
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457 | (1) |
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Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy |
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458 | (2) |
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Factors That Affect Decisions to Confront Prejudice |
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460 | (7) |
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Coping with Discrimination |
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467 | (1) |
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Psychological Disengagement and Disidentification |
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468 | (1) |
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469 | (1) |
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470 | (2) |
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472 | (1) |
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473 | (2) |
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475 | (1) |
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476 | (13) |
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11 Gender, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation |
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489 | (58) |
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The Gender Belief System and Gender-Related Terminology |
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491 | (3) |
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Gender-Associated Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination |
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494 | (1) |
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494 | (7) |
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Attitudes toward Women and Men |
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501 | (5) |
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506 | (6) |
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512 | (2) |
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Prejudice against People Who Are Transgender |
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514 | (1) |
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Attitudes toward People Who Are Transgender |
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515 | (3) |
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Discrimination against People Who Are Transgender |
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518 | (2) |
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Heterosexism and Sexual Prejudice |
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520 | (1) |
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Stereotypes of Lesbians and Gay Men |
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520 | (2) |
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Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men |
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522 | (3) |
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Attitudes toward Other Sexual Groups |
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525 | (1) |
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Heterosexism in the Workplace |
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526 | (2) |
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Coming out in the Workplace |
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528 | (2) |
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530 | (2) |
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532 | (1) |
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533 | (1) |
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533 | (14) |
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12 Age, Ability, and Appearance |
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547 | (58) |
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548 | (2) |
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550 | (1) |
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Beliefs about Older Adults |
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550 | (5) |
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555 | (8) |
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The Effects of Self-Stereotyping |
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563 | (1) |
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564 | (1) |
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564 | (4) |
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568 | (6) |
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574 | (4) |
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578 | (1) |
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578 | (2) |
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580 | (2) |
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582 | (6) |
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588 | (1) |
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589 | (2) |
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591 | (1) |
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591 | (14) |
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13 Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination |
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605 | (62) |
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Individual-Level Processes |
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606 | (1) |
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607 | (5) |
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612 | (4) |
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Intergroup Contact Theory |
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616 | (1) |
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617 | (3) |
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Effectiveness of Intergroup Contact |
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620 | (2) |
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Positive versus Negative Contact |
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622 | (1) |
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622 | (3) |
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From Personalization to Common Ingroup Identity |
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625 | (6) |
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631 | (1) |
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The Colorblind Perspective |
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631 | (3) |
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The Assimilationist Perspective |
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634 | (1) |
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The Multicultural Perspective |
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635 | (1) |
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Comparing the Perspectives |
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636 | (1) |
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637 | (1) |
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Goals of Diversity Initiatives |
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637 | (4) |
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641 | (2) |
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Unintended Consequences of Diversity Initiatives |
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643 | (2) |
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What You Can Do to Reduce Prejudice |
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645 | (1) |
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Influencing Your Own Attitudes |
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645 | (1) |
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Reflect on Your Thoughts and Behavior |
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645 | (2) |
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Put Intergroup Contact Theory into Practice |
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647 | (1) |
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Influencing Other People's Attitudes |
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647 | (1) |
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Help People Become Aware of Their Attitudes and Behavior |
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647 | (1) |
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Encourage Intergroup Contact |
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648 | (1) |
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Help Others Become Better Informed |
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648 | (1) |
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Be a Role Model for Younger People |
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648 | (1) |
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648 | (1) |
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649 | (2) |
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651 | (2) |
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653 | (1) |
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654 | (13) |
Glossary |
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667 | (12) |
Name Index |
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679 | (31) |
Subject Index |
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710 | |