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E-grāmata: Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination

(Ball State University, USA), , (Ball State University, USA)
  • Formāts: 734 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 25-Jul-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000589474
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  • Formāts: 734 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 25-Jul-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000589474

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Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination provides a comprehensive and compelling overview of what psychological theory and research have to say about the nature, causes, and reduction of prejudice and discrimination. It balances a detailed discussion of theories and selected research with applied examples that ensure the material is relevant to students.

This edition has been thoroughly revised and updated and addresses several interlocking themes. It first looks at the nature of prejudice and discrimination, followed by a discussion of research methods. Next come the psychological underpinnings of prejudice: the nature of stereotypes, the conditions under which stereotypes influence responses to other people, contemporary theories of prejudice, and how individuals values and belief systems are related to prejudice. Explored next are the development of prejudice in children and the social context of prejudice. The theme of discrimination is developed via discussions of the nature of discrimination, the experience of discrimination, and specific forms of discrimination, including gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, ability, and appearance. The concluding theme is the reduction of prejudice.

The book is accompanied by a comprehensive website featuring an Instructor Manual that contains activities and tools to help with teaching a prejudice and discrimination course; PowerPoint slides for every chapter; and a Test Bank with short answer and multiple-choice exam questions for every chapter.

This book is an essential companion for all students of prejudice and discrimination, including those in psychology, education, social work, business, communication studies, ethnic studies, and other disciplines. In addition to courses on prejudice and discrimination, this book will also appeal to those studying racism and diversity.
Preface xv
What's Our Book Like? xv
What's New in the Fourth Edition? xvi
Continuing Features xvii
Acknowledgments xix
1 Introducing the Concepts of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
1(58)
Race and Human Culture
5(1)
Historical Views of Ethnic Groups
5(3)
Cultural Influences on Perceptions of Race and Ethnicity
8(2)
Group Privilege
10(6)
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
16(1)
Stereotypes
16(1)
Prejudice
17(1)
Discrimination
18(7)
The Relationships among Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
25(1)
Targets of Prejudice
26(2)
Racism
28(2)
Gender, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation
30(1)
Age, Ability, and Appearance
31(1)
Classism
32(2)
Religion
34(1)
Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination
35(2)
Scientific Racism
37(1)
Psychodynamic Theory
38(1)
Sociocultural Theory
39(1)
Intergroup Relations Theory
39(1)
Cognitive Theory
40(2)
Evolutionary Theory
42(2)
Where Do We Go from Here?
44(1)
Summary
44(1)
Suggested Readings
45(1)
Key Terms
46(1)
References
47(12)
2 How Psychologists Study Prejudice and Discrimination
59(38)
Formulating Hypotheses
60(2)
Measuring Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
62(1)
Reliability and Validity
63(1)
Self-Report Measures
63(2)
Unobtrusive Measures
65(1)
Physiological Measures
66(2)
Implicit Cognition Measures
68(1)
Self-Report versus Physiological and Implicit Cognition Measures
69(1)
Using Multiple Measures
70(2)
Research Strategies
72(1)
Correlational Studies
72(4)
Experiments
76(5)
Ethnographic Studies
81(1)
Content Analysis
81(1)
Using Multiple Research Strategies
82(1)
Meta-Analysis
83(1)
Drawing Conclusions
84(1)
Were the Hypotheses Supported?
84(1)
What Do the Data Mean?
85(1)
Verifying Results
86(1)
Theory and Application
86(2)
Summary
88(2)
Suggested Readings
90(1)
Key Terms
91(1)
References
91(6)
3 Social Categorization and Stereotypes
97(46)
Social Categorization
98(1)
Why We Categorize
98(2)
Types of Social Categories
100(2)
Bottom-up Influences on Categorization
102(4)
Top-Down Influences on Categorization
106(2)
Consequences of Categorization
108(1)
Ingroups and Outgroups
108(1)
The Outgroup Homogeneity Effect
109(1)
The Cross-Racial Identification Bias
110(1)
Ingroup Overexclusion
111(1)
The Ultimate Attribution Error
111(3)
Dehumanization
114(2)
Origins of Stereotypes
116(1)
Social Role Theory
116(1)
Illusory Correlations
117(3)
Transmission of Stereotypic Beliefs
120(1)
The Media
120(3)
Language and Stereotype Transmission
123(1)
Man-First Principle
123(1)
Other Language-Related Stereotypes
124(1)
Stereotype Communication
125(1)
Stereotype Accuracy
126(3)
Summary
129(2)
Suggested Readings
131(1)
Key Terms
132(1)
References
133(10)
4 Stereotype Activation and Application
143(52)
Stereotype Activation
145(1)
Automatic Activation
146(1)
Prototypicality
147(2)
Situational Context
149(2)
Prejudice
151(1)
Cognitive Busyness
152(1)
Are Categorization and Stereotype Activation Independent Processes?
152(1)
Motivated Activation
153(1)
Comprehension Goals
154(1)
Self-Enhancement Goals
154(1)
Chronic Egalitarian Goals
155(1)
Stereotype Relevance
155(1)
The Activated Stereotype
156(1)
Stereotype Application
156(1)
Motivation to Inhibit Stereotyping
157(1)
Comprehension Goals
158(1)
Cognitive Style
159(1)
Self-Protection and Self-Enhancement Goals
160(1)
Social Power
161(1)
Ability to Inhibit Stereotyping
162(2)
Stereotype Rebound
164(1)
Why Do Stereotypes Rebound?
165(1)
Is Stereotype Rebound Inevitable?
166(1)
Consequences of Stereotype Use
167(1)
Biased Interpretation of Behavior
167(1)
The Shooter Bias
168(3)
Biased Evaluations
171(3)
Stereotype Maintenance and Change
174(1)
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
174(2)
Subtyping Model
176(1)
Functions of Stereotypes
177(2)
The Five Ds of Difference
179(2)
Summary
181(2)
Suggested Readings
183(1)
Key Terms
184(1)
References
184(11)
5 Old-Fashioned and Contemporary Forms of Prejudice
195(46)
The Transformation of Prejudice
196(1)
Prejudice Continues
197(1)
...But Only Bad People Are Prejudiced
198(3)
...So "They" Should Stop Complaining
201(1)
Contemporary Prejudice
202(1)
Implicit Prejudice
202(2)
Modern-Symbolic Prejudice
204(1)
Characteristics of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice
205(2)
Psychological Bases of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice
207(2)
Modern-Symbolic Prejudice and Behavior
209(1)
Concluding Comments
210(1)
Aversive Prejudice
211(1)
Characteristics of Aversive Prejudice
211(1)
Psychological Bases of Aversive Prejudice
212(1)
Research on Aversive Prejudice
213(1)
Aversive Prejudice and Behavior
214(5)
Ambivalent Prejudice
219(1)
Sources of Ambivalent Attitudes
219(2)
Psychological Conflict
221(3)
The Problem of Benevolent Prejudice
224(3)
Unprejudiced People
227(1)
Putting the Theories Together
228(3)
Summary
231(1)
Suggested Readings
232(1)
Key Terms
233(1)
References
233(8)
6 Individual Differences and Prejudice
241(44)
Personal Values
242(1)
Value Orientations
242(2)
Perceived Value Differences
244(1)
The Attribution-Value Model
245(1)
Terror Management Theory
246(4)
Religion
250(4)
Social Ideologies
254(1)
Authoritarianism
254(3)
Social Dominance Orientation
257(5)
Political Orientation
262(3)
Emotions
265(1)
Emotions and Prejudice
265(3)
Intergroup Anxiety
268(3)
Empathy
271(1)
Summary
272(2)
Suggested Readings
274(2)
Key Terms
276(1)
References
276(9)
7 The Development of Prejudice in Children
285(48)
Patterns of Prejudice Development
287(1)
Racial/Ethnic Prejudice
288(6)
Gender Prejudice
294(3)
Prejudice against Sexual and Gender Minority Groups
297(3)
Processes of Prejudice Development
300(1)
Learning Social Categories
300(4)
Categorizing People
304(1)
Development of Stereotypes and Prejudices
305(6)
Conclusion
311(1)
Reducing Children's Prejudice
311(1)
Intergroup Contact
311(2)
Barriers to Intergroup Contact
313(1)
Reducing the Barriers
314(5)
Long-versus Short-Term Effects
319(1)
Summary
320(2)
Suggested Readings
322(1)
Key Terms
322(1)
References
323(10)
8 The Social Context of Prejudice
333(48)
Social Identity Theory
334(1)
Social Identity and Intergroup Bias
335(1)
Factors That Influence Social Identity
336(3)
Issues in Social Identity Theory
339(3)
Looking Back at Social Identity Theory
342(1)
Relative Deprivation Theory
343(1)
Relative Deprivation, Dissatisfaction, and Resentment
344(2)
Relative Deprivation and Prejudice
346(1)
Relative Gratification
347(1)
Realistic Conflict Theory
348(1)
Robbers Cave Studies
349(1)
Contemporary Views of Intergroup Competition
350(4)
Intergroup Threat Theory
354(3)
Hate Group Membership
357(1)
Why People Join Hate Groups
358(4)
Myths Concerning Hate Group Members
362(1)
Recruiting Hate Group Members
362(2)
Group Socialization
364(3)
Leaving the Group
367(3)
Summary
370(1)
Suggested Readings
371(2)
Key Terms
373(1)
References
373(8)
9 From Prejudice to Discrimination
381(50)
What Is Discrimination?
382(1)
Blatant Discrimination
383(1)
Subtle Discrimination
383(2)
Microaggressions
385(2)
Covert Discrimination
387(1)
Interpersonal Discrimination
387(1)
The Relation between Prejudice and Discrimination
388(4)
Motivation to Control Prejudiced Responses
392(3)
Losing Control
395(3)
Reactions to Having Acted in a Prejudiced Manner
398(1)
Discrimination in the Workplace
399(1)
Organizational Research
399(5)
Individuals in the Workplace
404(5)
Hate Crimes
409(1)
Hate Crime Offenders
410(1)
Motivations for Hate Crimes
410(5)
Effects on Victims
415(2)
Summary
417(2)
Suggested Readings
419(2)
Key Terms
421(1)
References
422(9)
10 The Experience of Discrimination
431(58)
Social Stigma
432(1)
What Defines a Stigmatized Group?
432(3)
Stigma by Association
435(1)
Tokenism
436(4)
Recognizing Both Stressors and Resilience in Stigmatized Groups
440(1)
Consequences of Prejudice for Members of Stigmatized Groups
441(1)
Physical and Psychological Health
441(7)
Stereotype Threat
448(9)
Responses to Prejudice and Discrimination
457(1)
Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy
458(2)
Factors That Affect Decisions to Confront Prejudice
460(7)
Coping with Discrimination
467(1)
Psychological Disengagement and Disidentification
468(1)
Behavioral Compensation
469(1)
Confronting the Stigma
470(2)
Summary
472(1)
Suggested Readings
473(2)
Key Terms
475(1)
References
476(13)
11 Gender, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation
489(58)
The Gender Belief System and Gender-Related Terminology
491(3)
Gender-Associated Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
494(1)
Gender Stereotypes
494(7)
Attitudes toward Women and Men
501(5)
Women in the Workplace
506(6)
The Male Gender Role
512(2)
Prejudice against People Who Are Transgender
514(1)
Attitudes toward People Who Are Transgender
515(3)
Discrimination against People Who Are Transgender
518(2)
Heterosexism and Sexual Prejudice
520(1)
Stereotypes of Lesbians and Gay Men
520(2)
Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men
522(3)
Attitudes toward Other Sexual Groups
525(1)
Heterosexism in the Workplace
526(2)
Coming out in the Workplace
528(2)
Summary
530(2)
Suggested Readings
532(1)
Key Terms
533(1)
References
533(14)
12 Age, Ability, and Appearance
547(58)
Age
548(2)
When Does Old Age Begin?
550(1)
Beliefs about Older Adults
550(5)
Age-Based Discrimination
555(8)
The Effects of Self-Stereotyping
563(1)
Ability
564(1)
Defining Disability
564(4)
The Stigma of Disability
568(6)
Mental Illness
574(4)
Appearance
578(1)
Physical Attractiveness
578(2)
Height
580(2)
Weight
582(6)
Summary
588(1)
Suggested Readings
589(2)
Key Terms
591(1)
References
591(14)
13 Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination
605(62)
Individual-Level Processes
606(1)
Self-Regulation
607(5)
Perspective Taking
612(4)
Intergroup Contact Theory
616(1)
Conditions for Success
617(3)
Effectiveness of Intergroup Contact
620(2)
Positive versus Negative Contact
622(1)
Indirect Contact
622(3)
From Personalization to Common Ingroup Identity
625(6)
Diversity Ideologies
631(1)
The Colorblind Perspective
631(3)
The Assimilationist Perspective
634(1)
The Multicultural Perspective
635(1)
Comparing the Perspectives
636(1)
Diversity Initiatives
637(1)
Goals of Diversity Initiatives
637(4)
Diversity Training
641(2)
Unintended Consequences of Diversity Initiatives
643(2)
What You Can Do to Reduce Prejudice
645(1)
Influencing Your Own Attitudes
645(1)
Reflect on Your Thoughts and Behavior
645(2)
Put Intergroup Contact Theory into Practice
647(1)
Influencing Other People's Attitudes
647(1)
Help People Become Aware of Their Attitudes and Behavior
647(1)
Encourage Intergroup Contact
648(1)
Help Others Become Better Informed
648(1)
Be a Role Model for Younger People
648(1)
Envoi
648(1)
Summary
649(2)
Suggested Readings
651(2)
Key Terms
653(1)
References
654(13)
Glossary 667(12)
Name Index 679(31)
Subject Index 710
Mary E. Kite is Professor of Social Psychology at Ball State University. She received her PhD from Purdue University and is a fellow of the American and Midwestern Psychological Association and the Association for Psychological Science. In 2014, she received the Charles L. Brewer Distinguished Teaching of Psychology Award from the American Psychological Foundation.

Bernard E. Whitley, Jr., is Professor Emeritus of Psychological Science at Ball State University. He received his PhD in Social-Personality Psychology from the University of Pittsburgh and is a Fellow of the American and Midwestern Psychological Association and a charter member and Fellow of the Association for Psychological Science.

Lisa S. Wagner is Professor of Psychology and Director of the Gerontology Minor at the University of San Francisco. She completed her PhD in Social and Personality Psychology at the University of Washington and has conducted research on stereotyping and prejudice for the past 25 years.