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E-grāmata: Sea-Level Science: Understanding Tides, Surges, Tsunamis and Mean Sea-Level Changes

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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 24-Apr-2014
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781139898706
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Sea-Level Science: Understanding Tides, Surges, Tsunamis and Mean Sea-Level ChangesPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 24-Apr-2014
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781139898706
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Understanding sea-level processes, such as ocean tides, storm surges, tsunamis, El Nińo and rises caused by climate change, is key to planning effective coastal defence. Building on David Pugh's classic book Tides, Surges and Mean Sea-Level, this substantially expanded, full-colour book now incorporates major recent technological advances in the areas of satellite altimetry and other geodetic techniques (particularly GPS), tsunami science, measurement of mean sea level and analyses of extreme sea levels. The authors discuss how each surveying and measuring technique complements others in providing an understanding of present-day sea-level change and more reliable forecasts of future changes. Giving the how and the why of sea-level change on timescales from hours to centuries, this authoritative and exciting book is ideal for graduate students and researchers in oceanography, marine engineering, geodesy, marine geology, marine biology and climatology. It will also be of key interest to coastal engineers and governmental policy-makers.

Recenzijas

'Governments and their planners responsible for management and defences against coastal flooding need the best science to identify present and future risks. This authoritative new book gives an excellent and comprehensive account of the science which underpins our understanding of sea levels, and its practical application on our changing planet.' Wendy Watson-Wright, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO 'Professors Pugh and Woodworth's book is timely, authoritative, and will certainly have a prominent place on my bookshelf. It is a unique resource for teachers of upper undergraduate to graduate level courses, and will also be used often by sea level researchers, coastal engineers and planners, and by many others with an interest in sea level.' Gary T. Mitchum, Associate Dean, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, and Chair, Global Sea Level Observing System 'The layout of this book is clear with lots of illustrations, photos, graphs and charts I can highly recommend it as a definitive text not only for undergraduates and postgraduates, but also for those with a more general interest in the subject.' Len Wood, Weather magazine ' this is a very good textbook and well worth the price. Students at undergraduate and postgraduate level, and from a range of disciplines, now have a core textbook covering much of the subject of sea-level and sea-level change. It will certainly be sitting within easy reach on my shelf, and it will most certainly form a new basis for my own teaching on tides and waves.' Mattias Green, Ocean Challenge ' qualitative, readable, and a superb summary of scientific understanding to date The discussion here about climate change induced variability is outstanding, with a nuanced presentation of projections issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (the IPCC) from 1990 through 2014.' J. J. P. Smith, Bulletin of the Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society 'Sea-Level Science will immediately become a useful and practical reference for government and private-industry educators, academic researchers, and coastal scientists and engineers, whether or not they are directly involved in the field of oceanography. It's not easy to hit the mark when attempting to cover a broad array of subjects and treat each one comprehensively. That mark has been hit in Sea-Level Science.' Stephen Gill, Physics Today

Papildus informācija

This book explores sea-level change on timescales from hours to centuries, its processes and its measurement techniques, for graduate students, researchers and policy-makers.
Preface vii
List of acronyms
ix
List of main symbols
xi
1 Introduction
1(16)
1.1 Background
1(1)
1.2 Early ideas and observations
1(2)
1.3 Tidal patterns
3(4)
1.4 Meteorological and other non-tidal changes
7(1)
1.5 Some definitions of common terms
8(3)
1.6 Basic statistics of sea levels as time series
11(6)
2 Sea-level measuring systems
17(19)
2.1 The science of measurement
17(3)
2.2 Datum definitions
20(2)
2.3 Coastal instruments
22(8)
2.4 Open-sea gauges
30(1)
2.5 Data reduction
31(2)
2.6 Data sources
33(3)
3 Tidal forces
36(24)
3.1 Gravitational attraction
36(4)
3.2 The tidal forces: a fuller development
40(4)
3.3 The Moon--Earth--Sun system
44(5)
3.4 Tidal patterns
49(4)
3.5 Extreme tidal forces
53(7)
4 Tidal analysis and prediction
60(37)
4.1 Non-harmonic methods
61(1)
4.2 Harmonic analysis
62(16)
4.3 Response analysis
78(4)
4.4 Analysis of currents
82(4)
4.5 Time zone conversion
86(1)
4.6 Stability of tidal parameters
87(2)
4.7 Tidal predictions
89(8)
5 Tidal dynamics
97(36)
5.1 The real world
97(2)
5.2 Long-wave characteristics
99(6)
5.3 Ocean tides
105(6)
5.4 Shelf tides
111(11)
5.5 Radiational tides
122(2)
5.6 Internal tides
124(2)
5.7 The yielding Earth
126(3)
5.8 Are tides changing?
129(4)
6 Shallow-water and coastal tides
133(22)
6.1 Introduction: some observations
133(1)
6.2 Hydrodynamic distortions
133(3)
6.3 Representation by higher harmonics
136(3)
6.4 Tidal currents
139(4)
6.5 Tidal asymmetry
143(1)
6.6 Tides in rivers
144(5)
6.7 Energy budgets
149(6)
7 Storm surges, meteotsunamis and other meteorological effects on sea level
155(34)
7.1 Introduction
155(1)
7.2 The depth-averaged (2-D) equations
155(1)
7.3 Storm surges
156(8)
7.4 Statistics of tidal residuals
164(1)
7.5 Seiches
165(5)
7.6 Meteotsunamis
170(2)
7.7 Wave set-up and surf beat
172(1)
7.8 Air pressure-related changes of sea level in the world ocean
173(16)
8 Tsunamis
189(34)
8.1 Introduction
189(3)
8.2 Why tsunamis happen
192(7)
8.3 Tsunami propagation across the ocean
199(4)
8.4 Coastal shoaling and runup
203(3)
8.5 Tsunami signals in sea-level and bottom pressure data
206(1)
8.6 Sea-level and related technologies for tsunami monitoring
207(8)
8.7 Tsunami further reading
215(8)
9 Spatial variations in sea level
223(29)
9.1 Introduction
223(1)
9.2 The International Terrestrial Reference Frame
223(1)
9.3 The Global Positioning System
224(3)
9.4 DORIS
227(1)
9.5 Satellites and the Mean Sea Surface
227(6)
9.6 Satellites and the geoid
233(7)
9.7 Models of the MSS, geoid and MDT
240(3)
9.8 A comment on epochs
243(1)
9.9 Towards a global vertical datum
243(9)
10 Mean sea-level changes in time
252(44)
10.1 Introduction
252(1)
10.2 Sea-level data
252(2)
10.3 Mesoscale variability in sea level
254(2)
10.4 The seasonal cycle of MSL
256(3)
10.5 Pole tide
259(2)
10.6 Nodal tide
261(1)
10.7 Air pressure-related sea-level variability
262(2)
10.8 Large-scale patterns of interannual variability
264(4)
10.9 Long-term changes in sea level
268(8)
10.10 Understanding sea-level change
276(4)
10.11 Future rise in mean and extreme sea levels
280(16)
11 Sea-level changes in time to do with the solid Earth
296(22)
11.1 Introduction
296(1)
11.2 Techniques for measuring vertical land movement
296(5)
11.3 Glacial Isostatic Adjustment
301(2)
11.4 Tectonic sea-level changes
303(4)
11.5 Man-made crustal movements
307(1)
11.6 Geophysical fingerprints of sea-level change
308(1)
11.7 Coastal processes
309(9)
12 Sea-level applications
318(27)
12.1 Design parameters
318(1)
12.2 Extreme conditions
319(8)
12.3 Coastal defences
327(2)
12.4 Lagoons and channels
329(2)
12.5 Power generation
331(4)
12.6 Emersion--submersion probabilities
335(2)
12.7 Flood warning systems
337(4)
12.8 Economics of coastal defences
341(4)
13 Sea level and life
345(16)
13.1 Introduction
345(1)
13.2 The Moon and us
345(1)
13.3 Intertidal life
346(5)
13.4 Human development
351(3)
13.5 The sea-level present
354(1)
13.6 The sea-level future
355(6)
Appendix A Basic hydrostatic and hydrodynamic equations
361(2)
A.1 The hydrostatic equation
361(1)
A.2 Conservation of mass
361(1)
A.3 The horizontal momentum equations
361(2)
Appendix B Currents
363(5)
B.1 Analysis of currents
363(2)
B.2 Current dynamics
365(3)
Appendix C High and low water times and heights from harmonic constituents
368(2)
Appendix D Theoretical tidal dynamics
370(6)
D.1 Long progressive waves, no rotation
370(2)
D.2 Standing waves
372(1)
D.3 Long waves on a rotating Earth
373(1)
D.4 Co-tidal and co-amplitude lines
374(2)
Appendix E Legal definitions in the coastal zone
376(4)
Glossary 380(9)
Index 389
David Pugh is a marine science consultant, also holding positions as Visiting Professor at Liverpool University, and Visiting Scientist at the National Oceanography Centre (NOC). His research specialises in tides, surges, mean sea level, coastal management and climate change, together with marine economics and the history of sea level. After a career in science and science management with the UK Natural Environment Research Council, Dr Pugh served as President of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, 20032007. He had previously been Director of the PSMSL and Founding Chairman of the IOC global sea level network, GLOSS. Dr Pugh has authored two books and recently co-edited Troubled Waters: Ocean Science and Governance (Cambridge University Press, 2010) published for the 50th Anniversary of the IOC. He has been awarded an OBE for services to marine sciences. Philip Woodworth is an Individual Merit Scientist in the Natural Environmental Research Council based at the National Oceanography Centre (NOC) in Liverpool, and also a Visiting Professor at Liverpool University. He has been Director of the PSMSL and Chairman of GLOSS. Dr Woodworth has published extensively on tides, sea-level changes and geodesy, including co-editing Understanding Sea-Level Rise and Variability (2010), and has been involved in each IPCC research assessment. His awards include the Denny Medal of IMAREST, the Vening-Meinesz Medal of the European Geosciences Union, the 50th Anniversary Medal of the IOC, and a minute share in the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize awarded to the IPCC. He was awarded an MBE in 2011 for services to science.
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