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Acknowledgements |
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xii | |
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xiii | |
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1 Setting the Scene: Sharing International Obligations |
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1 | (23) |
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1.1 The International Law of Obligations |
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3 | (2) |
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1.2 Shared Responsibility in International Law |
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5 | (6) |
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1.3 The Idea of Shared Obligations in International Legal Thought |
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11 | (6) |
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1.4 The International Law Commission and the Paradox of Avoiding the Idea of Obligations in the International Law of Obligations |
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17 | (5) |
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1.5 Structure and Approach |
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22 | (2) |
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2 The Concept of Shared Obligations in International Law |
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24 | (30) |
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2.1 First Element: Multiple Duty-Bearers |
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25 | (6) |
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2.1.1 International Organizations and Their Members as Duty-Bearers |
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26 | (3) |
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2.1.2 Duty-Bearers When States Act through a Common Organ |
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29 | (2) |
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2.2 Second Element: Bound to a Similar International Obligation |
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31 | (8) |
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2.3 Third Element: Pertaining to the Same Constellation of Facts |
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39 | (13) |
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2.3.1 Multiple States or International Organizations Agree to an Obligation to Work towards or Achieve a Common Goal |
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40 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Multiple States or International Organizations Are Legally or Factually Linked to a Common Situation |
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42 | (10) |
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52 | (2) |
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3 The Distinction between Bilateral and Multilateral Legal Relations in the International Law of Obligations |
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54 | (43) |
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3.1 The Move beyond a Bilateral View of Legal Relations in International Law |
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55 | (6) |
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3.1.1 The Protection of Common Interests |
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56 | (1) |
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3.1.2 The Rise of Multilateral Treaties |
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57 | (2) |
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3.1.3 The Emergence of Multilateral Legal Relations |
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59 | (2) |
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3.2 Legal Relations and the Correlation between Obligations and Rights |
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61 | (5) |
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3.2.1 Introducing Hohfeld's Legal Correlatives |
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61 | (3) |
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3.2.2 The Correlation between Obligations and Rights in International Law |
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64 | (2) |
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3.3 Distinguishing between Bilateral and Multilateral Legal Relations in International Law |
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66 | (5) |
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3.4 Multilateral Legal Relations and the Law of Treaties |
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71 | (10) |
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3.4.1 Reciprocal, Interdependent and Integral Obligations |
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72 | (1) |
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3.4.1.1 Reciprocal Obligations |
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73 | (2) |
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3.4.1.2 Interdependent Obligations |
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75 | (1) |
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3.4.1.3 Integral Obligations |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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3.4.3 Concluding Observations |
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79 | (2) |
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3.5 Multilateral Legal Relations and the Law of International Responsibility |
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81 | (15) |
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3.5.1 Crimes and Delicts: The First Step Away from an Exclusively Bilateral View of Legal Relations |
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82 | (4) |
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3.5.2 Bilateral, Multilateral and Erga Omnes (Partes) Obligations |
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86 | (1) |
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3.5.2.1 Bilateral Obligations |
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86 | (2) |
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3.5.2.2 Multilateral and Erga Omnes (Partes) Obligations |
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88 | (4) |
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3.5.3 Serious Breaches of Obligations under Peremptory Norms |
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92 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Concluding Observations |
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93 | (3) |
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96 | (1) |
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4 Indivisible and Divisible Shared Obligations in International Law |
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97 | (47) |
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4.1 Introducing Two Types of Shared Obligations |
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98 | (7) |
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4.1.1 Indivisible Shared Obligations |
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98 | (4) |
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4.1.2 Divisible Shared Obligations |
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102 | (3) |
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4.2 Ascertaining the Nature of Shared Obligations |
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105 | (27) |
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4.2.1 Positive Obligations and Negative Obligations |
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106 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Obligations of Result and Obligations of Conduct |
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107 | (1) |
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4.2.2.1 The Distinction between Obligations of Result and Conduct in the 1996 Draft ASR |
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108 | (2) |
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4.2.2.2 The Civil Law Understanding of Obligations of Conduct and Result |
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110 | (6) |
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4.2.2.3 Difficulties Encountered When Applying the Distinction in Practice |
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116 | (6) |
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4.2.3 Categories of Obligations as Indicators for Qualifying a Shared Obligation as Divisible or Indivisible |
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122 | (10) |
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4.3 Implications for the Content and Performance of Shared Obligations |
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132 | (9) |
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141 | (3) |
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5 Sharing International Obligations and the Determination of Shared Responsibility |
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144 | (35) |
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5.1 Two Manifestations of Shared Responsibility |
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145 | (7) |
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5.1.1 Shared Responsibility Arising from a Single Internationally Wrongful Act |
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146 | (4) |
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5.1.2 Shared Responsibility Arising from Multiple Internationally Wrongful Acts |
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150 | (2) |
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5.2 Breaches of Indivisible Shared Obligations and the Determination of Shared Responsibility |
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152 | (7) |
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5.2.1 Breach of an Indivisible Shared Obligation |
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153 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Attribution of Conduct in Breach of an Indivisible Shared Obligation |
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154 | (5) |
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5.3 Breaches of Divisible Shared Obligations and the Determination of Shared Responsibility |
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159 | (6) |
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5.3.1 Breach of a Divisible Shared Obligation |
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159 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Attribution of Conduct in Breach of a Divisible Shared Obligation |
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160 | (1) |
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5.3.2.1 Divisible Shared Obligations of a Positive Character and Attribution of Conduct |
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161 | (3) |
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5.3.2.2 Divisible Shared Obligations of a Negative Character and Attribution of Conduct |
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164 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Concluding Observations |
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164 | (1) |
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5.4 Applying the Distinction between Divisible and Indivisible Shared Obligations |
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165 | (13) |
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5.4.1 The Shared Obligation to Rehabilitate Nauru's Worked-Out Phosphate Lands |
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166 | (1) |
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5.4.2 The Shared Obligation to Take Appropriate Steps to Maintain Security and Public Order In and Around the Coquelles Terminal |
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167 | (3) |
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5.4.3 The Shared Obligation to Take Appropriate Measures to Prevent the Looting, Plundering and Exploitation of Natural Resources in Iraq |
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170 | (1) |
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5.4.4 The Shared Obligation to Provide 12,000 Million ECU in Financial Assistance to the ACP States |
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171 | (1) |
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5.4.5 The Shared Obligation to Strictly Limit Pollution from Land-Based Sources in Lake Etang de Berre |
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172 | (2) |
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5.4.6 The Shared Obligation to Achieve a 20 Per Cent Reduction of Aggregate Greenhouse Gas Emissions |
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174 | (2) |
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5.4.7 The Shared Obligation to Take All Measures Within One's Power to Prevent the Srebrenica Genocide |
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176 | (1) |
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5.4.8 The Shared Obligation to Ensure That Activities in the Area Are Carried Out in Accordance with Part XI UNCLOS |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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6 Claiming Cessation and Reparation for Breaches of Shared Obligations |
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179 | (40) |
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6.1 Sharing the Obligation of Cessation |
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180 | (9) |
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6.1.1 Shared Responsibility for a Single Wrongful Act and the Nature of the Obligation of Cessation |
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182 | (4) |
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6.1.2 Shared Responsibility for Multiple Wrongful Acts and the Nature of the Obligation of Cessation |
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186 | (3) |
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6.2 Sharing the Obligation of Reparation |
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189 | (22) |
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6.2.1 The Notion of Joint and Several Liability: A Shared Obligation to Make Reparation |
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192 | (5) |
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6.2.2 Shared Responsibility for a Single Wrongful Act and the Nature of the Obligation of Reparation |
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197 | (3) |
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6.2.3 Shared Responsibility for Multiple Wrongful Acts and the Nature of the Obligation of Reparation |
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200 | (5) |
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6.2.4 Challenges for the Responsible State or Organization Targeted |
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205 | (6) |
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6.3 Claiming Cessation and Reparation in the Context of International Adjudication: Bearers of Shared Obligations as Indispensable Parties? |
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211 | (6) |
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6.3.1 Simultaneous Determination of Another Actor's Responsibility |
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214 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Determining Another Actor's Responsibility as a Logical Prerequisite |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (2) |
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7 Conclusion: Towards a More Systematic Approach to International Obligations |
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219 | (6) |
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7.1 Old and New Typologies of International Obligations |
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220 | (1) |
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7.2 Sharing International Obligations and (Non-)performance |
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221 | (1) |
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7.3 Sharing International Obligations and Responsibility Relations |
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222 | (3) |
Index |
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225 | |