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E-grāmata: Shared Obligations in International Law

(Universiteit van Amsterdam)
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Shared Obligations in International LawPalielināt
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There are various situations in which multiple states or international organizations are bound to an international obligation in the context of cooperative activities and the pursuit of common goals. This practical phenomenon of sharing international obligations raises questions regarding the performance of obligations (who is bound to do what) and international responsibility in case of a breach (who can be held responsible for what). This book puts forward a concept of shared obligations that captures this practical phenomenon and enables scholars and practitioners to tackle these questions. In doing so, it engages in positive law-based categorization and systematization, building on existing categorizations of obligations and putting forward new typologies of shared obligations. Ultimately, it is contended that the sharing of obligations has relevant legal implications: it can influence the content and performance of obligations as well as the responsibility relations that arise in case of a breach.

There are various situations in which multiple states or international organizations are bound to an international obligation in the context of cooperative activities and the pursuit of common goals. This book puts forward a concept of shared obligations that enables scholars and practitioners to tackle questions raised by this phenomenon.

Recenzijas

' contributes to clarifying the legal relationship between breaches of indivisible/divisible shared obligations and the determination of shared responsibility.' Yoshifumi Tanaka, Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht / Heidelberg Journal of International Law

Papildus informācija

Puts forward a concept of shared obligations that enables scholars and practitioners to tackle questions raised by this phenomenon.
List of Figures
x
List of Tables
xi
Acknowledgements xii
List of Abbreviations
xiii
1 Setting the Scene: Sharing International Obligations
1(23)
1.1 The International Law of Obligations
3(2)
1.2 Shared Responsibility in International Law
5(6)
1.3 The Idea of Shared Obligations in International Legal Thought
11(6)
1.4 The International Law Commission and the Paradox of Avoiding the Idea of Obligations in the International Law of Obligations
17(5)
1.5 Structure and Approach
22(2)
2 The Concept of Shared Obligations in International Law
24(30)
2.1 First Element: Multiple Duty-Bearers
25(6)
2.1.1 International Organizations and Their Members as Duty-Bearers
26(3)
2.1.2 Duty-Bearers When States Act through a Common Organ
29(2)
2.2 Second Element: Bound to a Similar International Obligation
31(8)
2.3 Third Element: Pertaining to the Same Constellation of Facts
39(13)
2.3.1 Multiple States or International Organizations Agree to an Obligation to Work towards or Achieve a Common Goal
40(2)
2.3.2 Multiple States or International Organizations Are Legally or Factually Linked to a Common Situation
42(10)
2.4 Conclusions
52(2)
3 The Distinction between Bilateral and Multilateral Legal Relations in the International Law of Obligations
54(43)
3.1 The Move beyond a Bilateral View of Legal Relations in International Law
55(6)
3.1.1 The Protection of Common Interests
56(1)
3.1.2 The Rise of Multilateral Treaties
57(2)
3.1.3 The Emergence of Multilateral Legal Relations
59(2)
3.2 Legal Relations and the Correlation between Obligations and Rights
61(5)
3.2.1 Introducing Hohfeld's Legal Correlatives
61(3)
3.2.2 The Correlation between Obligations and Rights in International Law
64(2)
3.3 Distinguishing between Bilateral and Multilateral Legal Relations in International Law
66(5)
3.4 Multilateral Legal Relations and the Law of Treaties
71(10)
3.4.1 Reciprocal, Interdependent and Integral Obligations
72(1)
3.4.1.1 Reciprocal Obligations
73(2)
3.4.1.2 Interdependent Obligations
75(1)
3.4.1.3 Integral Obligations
76(1)
3.4.2 Peremptory Norms
77(2)
3.4.3 Concluding Observations
79(2)
3.5 Multilateral Legal Relations and the Law of International Responsibility
81(15)
3.5.1 Crimes and Delicts: The First Step Away from an Exclusively Bilateral View of Legal Relations
82(4)
3.5.2 Bilateral, Multilateral and Erga Omnes (Partes) Obligations
86(1)
3.5.2.1 Bilateral Obligations
86(2)
3.5.2.2 Multilateral and Erga Omnes (Partes) Obligations
88(4)
3.5.3 Serious Breaches of Obligations under Peremptory Norms
92(1)
3.5.4 Concluding Observations
93(3)
3.6 Conclusions
96(1)
4 Indivisible and Divisible Shared Obligations in International Law
97(47)
4.1 Introducing Two Types of Shared Obligations
98(7)
4.1.1 Indivisible Shared Obligations
98(4)
4.1.2 Divisible Shared Obligations
102(3)
4.2 Ascertaining the Nature of Shared Obligations
105(27)
4.2.1 Positive Obligations and Negative Obligations
106(1)
4.2.2 Obligations of Result and Obligations of Conduct
107(1)
4.2.2.1 The Distinction between Obligations of Result and Conduct in the 1996 Draft ASR
108(2)
4.2.2.2 The Civil Law Understanding of Obligations of Conduct and Result
110(6)
4.2.2.3 Difficulties Encountered When Applying the Distinction in Practice
116(6)
4.2.3 Categories of Obligations as Indicators for Qualifying a Shared Obligation as Divisible or Indivisible
122(10)
4.3 Implications for the Content and Performance of Shared Obligations
132(9)
4.4 Conclusions
141(3)
5 Sharing International Obligations and the Determination of Shared Responsibility
144(35)
5.1 Two Manifestations of Shared Responsibility
145(7)
5.1.1 Shared Responsibility Arising from a Single Internationally Wrongful Act
146(4)
5.1.2 Shared Responsibility Arising from Multiple Internationally Wrongful Acts
150(2)
5.2 Breaches of Indivisible Shared Obligations and the Determination of Shared Responsibility
152(7)
5.2.1 Breach of an Indivisible Shared Obligation
153(1)
5.2.2 Attribution of Conduct in Breach of an Indivisible Shared Obligation
154(5)
5.3 Breaches of Divisible Shared Obligations and the Determination of Shared Responsibility
159(6)
5.3.1 Breach of a Divisible Shared Obligation
159(1)
5.3.2 Attribution of Conduct in Breach of a Divisible Shared Obligation
160(1)
5.3.2.1 Divisible Shared Obligations of a Positive Character and Attribution of Conduct
161(3)
5.3.2.2 Divisible Shared Obligations of a Negative Character and Attribution of Conduct
164(1)
5.3.3 Concluding Observations
164(1)
5.4 Applying the Distinction between Divisible and Indivisible Shared Obligations
165(13)
5.4.1 The Shared Obligation to Rehabilitate Nauru's Worked-Out Phosphate Lands
166(1)
5.4.2 The Shared Obligation to Take Appropriate Steps to Maintain Security and Public Order In and Around the Coquelles Terminal
167(3)
5.4.3 The Shared Obligation to Take Appropriate Measures to Prevent the Looting, Plundering and Exploitation of Natural Resources in Iraq
170(1)
5.4.4 The Shared Obligation to Provide 12,000 Million ECU in Financial Assistance to the ACP States
171(1)
5.4.5 The Shared Obligation to Strictly Limit Pollution from Land-Based Sources in Lake Etang de Berre
172(2)
5.4.6 The Shared Obligation to Achieve a 20 Per Cent Reduction of Aggregate Greenhouse Gas Emissions
174(2)
5.4.7 The Shared Obligation to Take All Measures Within One's Power to Prevent the Srebrenica Genocide
176(1)
5.4.8 The Shared Obligation to Ensure That Activities in the Area Are Carried Out in Accordance with Part XI UNCLOS
177(1)
5.5 Conclusions
178(1)
6 Claiming Cessation and Reparation for Breaches of Shared Obligations
179(40)
6.1 Sharing the Obligation of Cessation
180(9)
6.1.1 Shared Responsibility for a Single Wrongful Act and the Nature of the Obligation of Cessation
182(4)
6.1.2 Shared Responsibility for Multiple Wrongful Acts and the Nature of the Obligation of Cessation
186(3)
6.2 Sharing the Obligation of Reparation
189(22)
6.2.1 The Notion of Joint and Several Liability: A Shared Obligation to Make Reparation
192(5)
6.2.2 Shared Responsibility for a Single Wrongful Act and the Nature of the Obligation of Reparation
197(3)
6.2.3 Shared Responsibility for Multiple Wrongful Acts and the Nature of the Obligation of Reparation
200(5)
6.2.4 Challenges for the Responsible State or Organization Targeted
205(6)
6.3 Claiming Cessation and Reparation in the Context of International Adjudication: Bearers of Shared Obligations as Indispensable Parties?
211(6)
6.3.1 Simultaneous Determination of Another Actor's Responsibility
214(1)
6.3.2 Determining Another Actor's Responsibility as a Logical Prerequisite
215(2)
6.4 Conclusions
217(2)
7 Conclusion: Towards a More Systematic Approach to International Obligations
219(6)
7.1 Old and New Typologies of International Obligations
220(1)
7.2 Sharing International Obligations and (Non-)performance
221(1)
7.3 Sharing International Obligations and Responsibility Relations
222(3)
Index 225
Nataa Nedeski is Assistant Professor of Public International Law, Amsterdam Center for International Law, University of Amsterdam. Her work has focused on general international law and shared responsibility in international law in particular.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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