Acknowledgements |
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xiii | |
List of figures and tables |
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xv | |
Abbreviations |
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xxi | |
1 Introduction |
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1 | (31) |
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2 | (2) |
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1.2 Sentence meaning and utterance meaning |
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4 | (3) |
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1.3 Literal meaning and strategies for its enrichment |
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7 | (3) |
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1.4 Clause types and speech acts |
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10 | (6) |
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1.5 Cross-linguistic comparison |
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16 | (5) |
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1.6 Cross-cultural pragmatics |
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21 | (4) |
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1.7 Structure of the book, target audience, and goals |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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1.9 Topics for further research |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (3) |
2 Illocutionary acts and illocutionary force |
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32 | (32) |
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33 | (4) |
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2.2 Performative and constative utterances |
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37 | (4) |
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2.3 Taxonomies of illocutionary acts |
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41 | (4) |
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2.4 Direct and indirect speech acts |
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45 | (4) |
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49 | (5) |
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2.6 Conversation analysis |
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54 | (4) |
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58 | (1) |
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2.8 Topics for further research |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (3) |
3 Clauses and clause types |
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64 | (30) |
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3.1 Clauses and sentences |
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65 | (4) |
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69 | (6) |
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3.2.1 The function of clause types |
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70 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Construction and composition |
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72 | (3) |
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3.3 Formal exponents of clause types |
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75 | (4) |
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79 | (5) |
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3.4.1 Intonation is independent of morphosyntactic clause typing |
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79 | (3) |
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3.4.2 The intonation of questions and statements |
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82 | (2) |
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3.5 Major and minor clause types |
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84 | (3) |
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3.6 Clause type paradigms |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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3.8 Topics for further research |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (3) |
4 Functional typology |
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94 | (33) |
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95 | (8) |
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4.2 Properties languages may have |
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103 | (6) |
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104 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Uncommon consonants |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Highly complex case and gender systems |
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106 | (3) |
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4.3 Properties languages may lack |
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109 | (2) |
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109 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Plural marking on personal pronouns |
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110 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Distance contrasts in demonstratives |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (4) |
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115 | (5) |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (1) |
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4.8 Topics for further research |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (3) |
5 Declaratives and assertions |
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127 | (32) |
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5.1 The meaning and force of declaratives |
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128 | (8) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (2) |
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5.1.3 Explicit and implicit performatives |
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133 | (2) |
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5.1.4 Are declarative clauses force-neutral? |
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135 | (1) |
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5.2 English declarative clauses |
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136 | (9) |
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5.2.1 Structural properties |
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136 | (2) |
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5.2.2 The usage of English declarative clauses |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (2) |
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5.2.4 Declarative questions |
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141 | (3) |
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5.2.5 Declarative commands |
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144 | (1) |
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5.3 A cross-linguistic view on declarative clauses |
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145 | (10) |
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5.3.1 Basic word order patterns and their distribution |
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146 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Interaction with mood and modality |
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147 | (5) |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (1) |
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5.5 Topics for further research |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (3) |
6 Polar interrogatives and yes-no questions |
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159 | (34) |
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6.1 The meaning and force of polar interrogatives |
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160 | (10) |
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6.1.1 Direct and indirect speech acts |
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162 | (3) |
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6.1.2 Constructional polysemy |
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165 | (3) |
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6.1.3 Answers and responses |
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168 | (2) |
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6.2 The form and function of polar interrogatives in English |
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170 | (6) |
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6.2.1 Polar interrogative clauses |
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170 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Interrogative tags (tag questions) |
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172 | (2) |
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6.2.3 The usage of polar interrogatives in English |
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174 | (2) |
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6.3 A cross-linguistic view on polar interrogatives |
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176 | (11) |
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6.3.1 Major strategies to encode yes-no questions |
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177 | (5) |
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182 | (2) |
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6.3.3 The usage of polar interrogatives and questions |
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184 | (3) |
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187 | (1) |
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6.5 Topics for further research |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (4) |
7 Constituent interrogatives and content questions |
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193 | (36) |
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7.1 Questionhood and content questions |
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194 | (7) |
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7.1.1 The meaning and force of constituent interrogatives |
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195 | (4) |
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7.1.2 The social economics of questions |
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199 | (2) |
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7.2 The form and function of constituent interrogatives in English |
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201 | (9) |
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7.2.1 Types and functions of interrogative words |
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202 | (2) |
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7.2.2 The position of interrogative words |
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204 | (2) |
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7.2.3 Constructions based on constituent interrogatives |
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206 | (1) |
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7.2.4 The usage of constituent interrogatives in English |
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207 | (3) |
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7.3 A cross-linguistic view on constituent interrogatives |
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210 | (14) |
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7.3.1 The marking of constituent interrogatives |
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210 | (3) |
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7.3.2 The position of interrogative words |
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213 | (5) |
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7.3.3 Meaning and form of interrogative words |
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218 | (4) |
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7.3.4 The usage of constituent interrogatives |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (1) |
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7.5 Topics for further research |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (3) |
8 Imperatives and commands |
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229 | (38) |
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8.1 The meaning and force of imperatives |
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230 | (8) |
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8.1.1 Imperatives and illocutionary force |
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231 | (4) |
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8.1.2 The meaning of imperatives |
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235 | (3) |
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238 | (8) |
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8.2.1 Structural properties |
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238 | (6) |
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8.2.2 The usage of imperatives in English |
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244 | (2) |
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8.3 A cross-linguistic view on imperatives and related categories |
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246 | (16) |
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8.3.1 The encoding of imperatives |
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247 | (7) |
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8.3.2 Negative imperatives: prohibitives |
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254 | (4) |
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8.3.3 Related categories and strategies of encoding |
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258 | (4) |
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262 | (1) |
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8.5 Topics for further research |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (3) |
9 Exclamatives and exclamations |
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267 | (34) |
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9.1 The meaning and force of exclamations |
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268 | (4) |
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9.1.1 Affective stance, scalar extent, and speaker viewpoint |
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269 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Factivity and referential identifiability |
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270 | (2) |
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9.2 Exclamative clauses in English |
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272 | (15) |
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9.2.1 The encoding of exclamations |
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273 | (5) |
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9.2.2 The usage of exclamative clauses in English |
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278 | (5) |
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9.2.3 Explaining the usage of what/how-exclamatives |
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283 | (4) |
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9.3 A cross-linguistic view on exclamatives and exclamations |
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287 | (8) |
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9.3.1 Constructions encoding exclamations |
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288 | (3) |
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9.3.2 Languages boasting an exclamative clause type |
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291 | (4) |
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295 | (1) |
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9.5 Topics for further research |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (3) |
10 Minor clause types |
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301 | (34) |
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302 | (7) |
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10.1.1 Minor clause types introduced by wh-forms |
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302 | (3) |
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10.1.2 Minor clause types introduced by modal verbs |
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305 | (2) |
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10.1.3 Finite subordinate clauses |
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307 | (1) |
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10.1.4 Non-finite subordinate clauses |
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308 | (1) |
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10.1.5 Incredulity response constructions |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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10.2 Functions of minor clause types |
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309 | (2) |
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311 | (8) |
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10.3.1 Between langue and parole |
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312 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Degrammaticalization and reanalysis |
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313 | (4) |
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10.3.3 Insubordination and ellipsis |
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317 | (2) |
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10.4 A cross-linguistic view on minor clause types |
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319 | (10) |
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10.4.1 Subordinate verb forms |
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319 | (2) |
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10.4.2 Subordinating conjunctions and complementizers |
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321 | (3) |
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10.4.3 Subordinating interrogative words |
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324 | (2) |
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10.4.4 Subordinate word order |
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326 | (1) |
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10.4.5 Functions of insubordination |
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326 | (3) |
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329 | (1) |
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10.6 Topics for further research |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (4) |
11 Performative verbs and social actions |
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335 | (30) |
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336 | (6) |
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11.2 Performative verbs: the lexical encoding of social actions |
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342 | (9) |
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11.2.1 English assertives |
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347 | (1) |
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11.2.2 English commissives |
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348 | (1) |
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11.2.3 English directives |
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348 | (1) |
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11.2.4 English declaratives (declarations) |
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349 | (1) |
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11.2.5 English expressives |
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350 | (1) |
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11.3 The performative hypothesis |
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351 | (3) |
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11.4 A cross-linguistic view on performative verbs |
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354 | (6) |
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11.4.1 Differences in form |
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354 | (2) |
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11.4.2 Differences in meaning |
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356 | (1) |
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11.4.3 Distributional differences |
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357 | (3) |
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360 | (1) |
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11.6 Topics for further research |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (3) |
12 Summary and outlook |
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365 | (50) |
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12.1 The morphosyntax of clause types |
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366 | (3) |
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12.2 The meaning of clause types |
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369 | (3) |
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12.3 The force of clause types |
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372 | (5) |
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12.4 The distribution of clause types |
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377 | (5) |
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12.5 A gradient model of clause types |
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382 | (8) |
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390 | (1) |
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12.7 Topics for further research |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (4) |
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395 | (20) |
Language index |
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415 | (2) |
Name index |
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417 | (5) |
Subject index |
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422 | |