Preface |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvi | |
1 Stressors, Stress, and Distress |
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1 | (11) |
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1 | (2) |
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What do we mean when we talk about stressors? |
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3 | (8) |
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The characteristics of stressors: comparing apples, oranges, and lemons |
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5 | (5) |
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Chronic stressors and allostatic overload |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
2 Individual Differences in Relation to Stressors and Stress Responses |
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12 | (9) |
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Vulnerability and resilience |
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13 | (7) |
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13 | (4) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Personality differences in relation to stress responses |
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18 | (1) |
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Previous stressor experiences |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
3 Appraising Stressful Events |
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21 | (14) |
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22 | (6) |
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Guidance through primary and secondary appraisals |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (2) |
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Appraisals based on what others think |
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27 | (1) |
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Appraisals in relation to learning, memory, automaticity, expectation, and habit |
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28 | (2) |
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Positive and negative emotions |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (2) |
4 Coping with Stressors |
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35 | (15) |
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First responses to stressors |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (2) |
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Personal growth and finding meaning |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (2) |
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40 | (2) |
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Unsupportive interactions |
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42 | (4) |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (2) |
5 Hormones and What They Do |
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50 | (19) |
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51 | (1) |
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Linking hormones and behaviors |
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51 | (3) |
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The hormonal stress response |
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54 | (1) |
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Hormones of the autonomic nervous system |
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54 | (1) |
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The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and glucocorticoids |
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55 | (5) |
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What cortisol (corticosterone) does for us |
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55 | (1) |
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The cortisol/corticosterone response to an acute stressor |
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55 | (1) |
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Cortisol variations in humans |
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56 | (3) |
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Yesterday's stressors influence today's responses |
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59 | (1) |
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A cacophony of hormones associated with stress, eating and energy regulation: leptin, ghrelin, CRH, and neuropeptide Y |
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60 | (2) |
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Oxytocin and positive responses |
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62 | (2) |
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Estrogen and testosterone |
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64 | (3) |
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67 | (2) |
6 Neurotransmitter Processes and Growth Factors |
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69 | (15) |
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Neuronal and glial processes in relation to challenges |
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70 | (2) |
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Stressors influence neurotransmitter functioning |
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72 | (8) |
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72 | (3) |
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Serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine |
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75 | (1) |
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Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH): beyond the HPA system |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (1) |
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Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (2) |
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The past influences the future |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
7 Immunological Effects of Stressors |
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84 | (11) |
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A brief look at how the immune system works |
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85 | (1) |
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Cells of the immune system |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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Cytokines: messenger molecules of the immune system |
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88 | (1) |
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Immunehormone interactions |
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88 | (3) |
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Stress, brain processes, and immunological changes |
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91 | (2) |
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Cytokine changes in response to stressors |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (2) |
8 Stress across the Life Span |
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95 | (13) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (5) |
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Biological correlates of prenatal stress in humans |
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98 | (1) |
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Consequences of prenatal infection in animals and humans |
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99 | (2) |
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Stress experienced early in life |
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101 | (3) |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
9 Cardiovascular Disease |
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108 | (13) |
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Coronary artery disease (CAD) |
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109 | (1) |
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The heart's response to a challenge |
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109 | (1) |
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Psychosocial factors associated with heart disease |
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110 | (1) |
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The influence of stressors on heart disease |
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110 | (5) |
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112 | (1) |
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Depressive illness and heart disease |
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113 | (1) |
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Socioeconomic status (SES) |
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114 | (1) |
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Sex-dependent trajectories for heart disease |
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114 | (1) |
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Personality factors and heart disease |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Physiological stress responses associated with heart disease |
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116 | (3) |
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Sympathetic nervous system reactivity |
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116 | (1) |
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Inflammatory processes in heart disease |
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117 | (1) |
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Stress, pathogen burden, and heart disease |
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118 | (1) |
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Obesity, cytokines, and heart disease |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
10 Diabetes |
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121 | (7) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Stressor influences in relation to the development of Type 2 diabetes |
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123 | (3) |
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Immune factors in Type 2 diabetes |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
11 Stress, Immunity, and Disease |
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128 | (10) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (4) |
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Stressors influence vulnerability and the course of infectious illness |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (3) |
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Exacerbation of autoimmune disorders by stressful experiences |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
12 Stress and Cancer: Cancer and Stress |
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138 | (11) |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (3) |
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Implication for cancer treatment |
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144 | (3) |
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Stress stemming from cancer |
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145 | (2) |
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Treating cancer-related distress |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
13 Depressive Illnesses and Cognitive Mistakes |
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149 | (22) |
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150 | (3) |
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152 | (1) |
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Cognitive theories of depressive disorders |
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153 | (3) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (2) |
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Depression from an evolutionary perspective |
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156 | (2) |
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Depression from a neurochemical vantage |
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158 | (6) |
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Neurobiological explanations of depressive disorders |
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158 | (1) |
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Serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in relation to depressive disorders |
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159 | (1) |
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Gene and environmental interactions |
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160 | (1) |
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Reward processes in depression: dopamine and anhedonia |
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161 | (1) |
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Depression and anxiety: corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) as a player in depression |
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162 | (1) |
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Coordination and discoordination of neuronal process: gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
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163 | (1) |
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Growth factors and depression |
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164 | (1) |
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Inflammatory processes and depressive disorders |
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165 | (4) |
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169 | (2) |
14 Fretting over Anxiety Disorders |
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171 | (8) |
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A plague of anxiety disorders |
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172 | (6) |
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Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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174 | (3) |
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Phobias and social anxiety |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
15 Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |
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179 | (11) |
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180 | (1) |
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Posttraumatic stress disorder |
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180 | (4) |
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Vulnerability and resilience |
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181 | (1) |
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Neuroanatomical underpinnings of PTSD |
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182 | (2) |
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Biochemical determinants of PTSD |
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184 | (4) |
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CRH and corticoids in relation to PTSD-related memories |
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185 | (2) |
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Norepinephrine and serotonin and PTSD-related memories |
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187 | (1) |
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GABA and the extinction of fear responses in PTSD |
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187 | (1) |
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Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and resilience |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (2) |
16 Addictions and Forbidden Fruits |
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190 | (9) |
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190 | (1) |
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Stress as a provocateur in the addiction process |
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191 | (1) |
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Reward and aversion in relation to addiction: a multistep process |
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191 | (4) |
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Dopamine in relation to stress and reward |
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192 | (1) |
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Corticotropin hormone in relation to stress and addiction |
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193 | (2) |
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Can eating become an addiction? |
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195 | (1) |
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An integrated perspective |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (2) |
17 Coping with Illness, Caregiving, and Loss |
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199 | (12) |
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How might illness come to affect health? |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (6) |
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What patients know and what they need to know |
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201 | (1) |
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Appraising and coping with illness |
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202 | (1) |
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Personal control, decision-making, and trust |
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203 | (1) |
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Social support and unsupportive interactions in the face of illness |
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204 | (1) |
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Mood changes associated with illness |
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205 | (1) |
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Adjustment to chronic illnesses: psychological resilience in the face of illness |
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206 | (1) |
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Stress associated with caregiving |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (2) |
18 The Workplace for Better or Worse |
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211 | (9) |
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212 | (6) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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Absenteeism and presenteeism |
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212 | (1) |
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Bullying in the workplace |
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213 | (2) |
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Social support in the workplace |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Time management and juggling |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (2) |
19 Transmission of Trauma across Generations |
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220 | (11) |
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Traveling across generations |
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221 | (1) |
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Parental stress influences on children |
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221 | (1) |
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Intergenerational effects of trauma: beyond poor parenting |
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222 | (4) |
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Environments modify gene actions |
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223 | (1) |
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The case of epigenetic effects |
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223 | (3) |
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Collective and historic trauma |
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226 | (3) |
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229 | (2) |
20 Stress Reduction through Cognitive and Behavioral Strategies |
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231 | (15) |
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Prelude to dealing with stress |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) |
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234 | (3) |
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Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (3) |
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240 | (1) |
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Positive psychotherapy (PPT) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (2) |
21 Drug Remedies to Attenuate Stress and Stress-Related Disorders |
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246 | (21) |
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Something about drug treatments |
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247 | (3) |
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Placebo and nocebo responses |
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247 | (2) |
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Selecting the right treatment and related caveats |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (9) |
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) |
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250 | (3) |
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A cocktail of acronyms: SNRI, NDRI, NaSSA, MAOI |
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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Treating anxiety disorders |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (3) |
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Herbal (naturopatbic) treatments |
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262 | (4) |
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266 | (1) |
22 Epilogue |
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267 | (2) |
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267 | (2) |
References |
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269 | (3) |
Index |
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272 | |