Contributors |
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xvi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
1 Introduction to Surface Electromagnetics |
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1 | (29) |
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1.1 What Is Surface Electromagnetics? |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Development of Electromagnetic Surfaces |
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3 | (9) |
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1.2.1 Classical Uniform EM Surfaces |
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3 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Periodic EM Surfaces: Frequency Selective Surface |
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5 | (2) |
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1.2.3 Periodic EM Surfaces: Soft/Hard Surface and EBG Surface |
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7 | (2) |
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1.2.4 Recent Progress on Quasi-periodic EM Surfaces |
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9 | (3) |
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1.3 Importance of Surface Electromagnetics |
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12 | (8) |
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1.3.1 Surface Equivalence Theorem |
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13 | (3) |
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1.3.2 Prominent Features of EM Surfaces |
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16 | (3) |
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1.1.3 Comparisons with Related Sciences and Technologies |
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19 | (1) |
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1.4 Research Frontiers of Surface Electromagnetics |
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20 | (3) |
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1.4.1 Surface Electromagnetic Theory |
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21 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Artificial Surface Designs with Novel Properties |
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22 | (1) |
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1.4.3 SEM-Based Engineering Applications |
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22 | (1) |
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1.5 Contents of This Book |
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23 | (4) |
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1.5.1 Models, Analysis, and Synthesis of EM Surfaces |
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24 | (1) |
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1.5.2 Guided Wave, Leaky Wave, and Plane Wave Properties of EM Surfaces |
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24 | (2) |
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1.5.3 Applications of Surface Electromagnetics |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (3) |
2 Analytical Modeling of Electromagnetic Surfaces |
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30 | (36) |
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2.1 Introduction: Definitions, Basic Classification, Main Functionalities of Metasurfaces |
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30 | (3) |
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2.2 Metasurfaces versus Thin Slabs of Homogeneous Materials and Other Artificial Periodic Surfaces |
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33 | (3) |
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2.3 Comparison of Possible Functionalities |
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36 | (1) |
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2.4 Homogenization Models of Metasurfaces |
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37 | (9) |
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2.4.1 Polarizability-Based Model |
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40 | (2) |
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2.4.2 Susceptibility-Based Model |
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42 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Model Based on Equivalent Impedance Matrix |
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43 | (3) |
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2.5 Bi-anisotropy and Nonreciprocity: Definitions and Enabled Functionalities |
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46 | (8) |
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46 | (3) |
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49 | (3) |
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2.5.3 Enabled Functionalities |
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52 | (2) |
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2.6 Metasurfaces for Shaping Transmitted Fields and Reflected Fields |
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54 | (7) |
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2.6.1 Control of Wave Propagation Direction in Transmission |
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54 | (2) |
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2.6.2 Control of Wave Propagation Direction in Reflection |
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56 | (1) |
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2.6.3 Control of Polarization in Reflection |
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57 | (3) |
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2.6.4 Control of Multiple Waves in Reflection |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (5) |
3 Using Generalized Sheet Transition Conditions (GSTCs) in the Analysis of Metasurfaces |
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66 | (58) |
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3.1 Introduction and Definitions of Metasurfaces |
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66 | (2) |
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3.2 Metasurfaces versus Frequency-Selective Surfaces |
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68 | (5) |
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3.3 Characterization of Metasurfaces: Surface versus Bulk Properties |
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73 | (5) |
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3.4 Generalized Sheet Transition Conditions (GSTCs) |
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78 | (3) |
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3.4.1 GSTCs for a Metafilm |
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78 | (1) |
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3.4.2 GSTCs for a Metascreen |
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79 | (1) |
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3.4.3 GSTCs for a Metagrating |
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80 | (1) |
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3.5 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients |
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81 | (11) |
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81 | (6) |
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87 | (3) |
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90 | (2) |
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3.6 Determining the Surface Parameters |
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92 | (7) |
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3.6.1 Retrieval Expressions for Metafilms |
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93 | (2) |
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3.6.2 Retrieval Expressions for Metascreens |
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95 | (3) |
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3.6.3 Retrieval Expressions for Metagratings |
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98 | (1) |
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3.7 Some Applications of GSTCs |
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99 | (15) |
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3.7.1 Guided Waves on a Single Metasurface |
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99 | (4) |
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3.7.2 Resonator Size Reduction |
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103 | (5) |
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108 | (2) |
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3.7.4 Controllable Reflections and Transmissions |
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110 | (4) |
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3.8 Impedance-Type Boundary Conditions |
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114 | (1) |
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3.9 Isolated Scatterers and One-Dimensional Arrays |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (9) |
4 Electromagnetic Metasurface Synthesis, Analysis, and Applications |
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124 | (41) |
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124 | (1) |
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4.2 Mathematical Synthesis |
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125 | (8) |
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4.2.1 Metasurface Boundary Conditions |
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126 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Synthesis Procedure |
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128 | (5) |
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133 | (11) |
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4.3.1 Metasurface Analysis |
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133 | (3) |
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4.3.2 Two-Dimensional Finite-Difference Frequency-Domain Method |
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136 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Two-Dimensional Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method |
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138 | (3) |
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4.3.4 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Scheme for Dispersive Metasurface |
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141 | (1) |
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4.3.5 One-Dimensional Analysis of Nonlinear Second-Order Metasurfaces |
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142 | (2) |
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4.4 Illustrative Examples |
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144 | (3) |
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4.4.1 Negative Refraction Metasurface |
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144 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Nongyrotropic Nonreciprocal Metasurface |
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145 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Time-Varying Half-Wave Absorber |
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146 | (1) |
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4.5 Practical Realization |
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147 | (12) |
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4.5.1 Relation with Scattering Parameters |
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147 | (5) |
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4.5.2 Implementation of the Scattering Particles |
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152 | (7) |
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159 | (1) |
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4.7 Conditions of Reciprocity, Passivity, and Loss |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (4) |
5 Analysis and Modeling of Quasi-periodic Structures |
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165 | (33) |
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165 | (3) |
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5.2 Study of Quasi-periodic Effect |
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168 | (13) |
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5.2.1 Calculation of Element Reflection Phase |
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168 | (4) |
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5.2.2 Study of Quasi-periodic Effect |
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172 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Phase Adjustment in Reflectarray Antennas |
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174 | (7) |
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5.3 Full-Wave Modeling of Quasi-periodic Structures Using Reduced Basis Method |
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181 | (12) |
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181 | (8) |
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189 | (4) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (4) |
6 Gap Waveguide Technology |
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198 | (33) |
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6.1 Origin of Gap Waveguide Technology |
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198 | (5) |
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6.2 Approximate Method of Analysis of Parallel-Plate Waveguides Containing EBG Surfaces |
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203 | (5) |
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6.2.1 Plane Wave Spectral Domain Approach |
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203 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Homogenization Using Spectral Surface Admittance |
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204 | (4) |
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6.3 Design of Stop Bands for Parallel Plate Structures |
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208 | (3) |
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6.4 Application to RF Packaging |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (1) |
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6.6 Gap Waveguide Antennas |
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214 | (11) |
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6.6.1 High-Gain Antennas Designed in Ridge Gap Waveguide and Groove Gap Waveguide Geometries |
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216 | (4) |
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6.6.2 High-Gain Antennas Designed in Inverted Microstrip Gap Waveguide and Printed Gap Waveguide Geometry |
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220 | (2) |
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6.6.3 Single-Layer Antennas Based on Gap Waveguide Technology |
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222 | (1) |
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6.6.4 Frequency Scanning Antenna Based on Gap Waveguide Technology |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (5) |
7 Modulated Metasurface Antennas |
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231 | (41) |
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231 | (3) |
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7.2 Adiabatic Floquet Waves for Curvilinear Locally Periodic Boundary Conditions |
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234 | (4) |
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7.2.1 Constant Average Non-uniform Reactances |
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235 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Adiabatic Floquet Wave Expansion |
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236 | (2) |
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7.3 Design of Modulated MTS Antennas |
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238 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Continuous Reactance Synthesis |
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240 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Pixel Modeling and Detailed Layout |
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241 | (4) |
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7.4 Analysis of Modulated Metasurface Antennas |
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245 | (5) |
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7.4.1 Full-Wave Homogenized Impedance Analysis |
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246 | (4) |
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7.5 Efficiency and Bandwidth of Modulated Metasurface Antennas |
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250 | (8) |
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7.5.1 Efficiency of Metasurface Antennas |
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251 | (4) |
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255 | (3) |
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7.6 Examples of Antenna Design |
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258 | (8) |
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7.6.1 Shaped Beam Antenna |
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258 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Multibeam Modulated Metasurface Antennas |
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259 | (7) |
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7.7 Discussion and Future Outlook |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (4) |
8 Transmission Surfaces and Transmitarray Antennas |
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272 | (29) |
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272 | (2) |
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8.2 Phase Limits of Transmission Surfaces |
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274 | (6) |
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8.2.1 Phase Limit of a Single-Layer Transmission Surface |
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274 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Phase Limits of Multilayer Transmission Surfaces |
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276 | (3) |
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8.2.3 Discussion on Nonidentical Layers, Wire Coupling, and Cross-Polarization |
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279 | (1) |
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8.3 Transmission Surface Designs |
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280 | (7) |
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8.3.1 A Quad-Layer Transmission Surface Using E-Shaped Elements |
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280 | (3) |
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8.3.2 A Double-Layer Transmission Surface Using Malta-Cross Elements with Vias |
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283 | (1) |
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8.3.3 A Single-Layer Transmission Surface Using Cross-Polarized Fields |
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284 | (3) |
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8.3.4 Other Transmission Surface Designs |
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287 | (1) |
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8.4 Reconfigurable Transmission Surface Designs |
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287 | (6) |
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8.4.1 FSS-Type Reconfigurable Design |
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288 | (2) |
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8.4.2 R/T-Type Reconfigurable Design |
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290 | (3) |
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8.5 Transmitarray Antennas |
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293 | (5) |
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8.5.1 Concept and Design Procedure of Transmitarray Antennas |
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293 | (3) |
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8.5.2 A Transmitarray Design Example |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (3) |
9 Coding and Programmable Metasurfaces |
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301 | (24) |
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301 | (3) |
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9.2 Coding Metasurfaces and Their Controls to EM Waves |
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304 | (3) |
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9.3 Programmable Metasurfaces and Imaging Applications |
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307 | (12) |
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9.3.1 Programmable Metasurface |
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307 | (4) |
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9.3.2 Programmable Metasurface under Point Source Excitation |
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311 | (4) |
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9.3.3 Transmission-Type Programmable Metasurface for Imaging Applications |
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315 | (4) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (5) |
10 Metamaterial and Metasurface Cloaking: Principles and Applications |
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325 | (38) |
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325 | (1) |
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10.2 Non-uniqueness of the Scattering Problem: Non-radiating Sources and Cloaking Devices |
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325 | (3) |
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10.3 Scattering Theory: Harmonic Field Series and Field Integral Equation Representations |
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328 | (1) |
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10.4 Harmonic Field Series Representation: Cloaking Design with Mie Solutions |
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329 | (10) |
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10.4.1 Plasmonic Cloaking: A Volumetric Metamaterial Coating |
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331 | (2) |
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10.4.2 Mantle Cloaking: A Thin Metasurface Coating |
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333 | (2) |
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10.4.3 Parity-Time Symmetry Cloaking: A Balanced Loss-Gain Coating |
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335 | (4) |
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10.5 Field Integral Equation Representation: Cloaking Design with Non-radiating Sources |
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339 | (10) |
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10.5.1 The Strong Solution: Impedance Matching and Transformation Optics |
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340 | (4) |
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10.5.2 The Weak Solution: Kirchhoff's Current Law and General Scattering Cancellation |
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344 | (5) |
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10.6 Bounds on Cloaking: Causality, Passivity, Time Invariance, Linearity |
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349 | (6) |
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10.6.1 Directionality Issue |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (2) |
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357 | (6) |
11 Orbital Angular Momentum Beam Generation Using Textured Surfaces |
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363 | (30) |
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11.1 OAM Beams: Concept and Historical Background |
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363 | (3) |
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11.1.1 Bessel-Gaussian Beams |
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364 | (1) |
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11.1.2 Laguerre-Gaussian (Helical) Beams |
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365 | (1) |
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11.2 Near-Field Applications of OAM Beams |
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366 | (2) |
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11.2.1 Generating Cylindrical Vector Beams |
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366 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Increasing Channel Capacity of Wireless Communication Systems |
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367 | (1) |
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11.3 Potential Far-Field Applications of OAM Beams |
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368 | (1) |
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11.4 Far-Field Characteristics of OAM Beams |
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369 | (3) |
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11.4.1 Bessel-Gaussian Beams |
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369 | (2) |
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11.4.2 Laguerre-Gaussian (Helical) Beams |
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371 | (1) |
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11.5 OAM Beam Generation Using Reflectarray Antennas |
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372 | (4) |
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11.5.1 Rotational Phase Control Principle |
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372 | (2) |
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11.5.2 Double Split-Ring Element |
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374 | (2) |
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11.6 Reflectarrays with Cone-Shaped Patterns |
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376 | (7) |
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11.6.1 Bessel-Beam Reflectarray |
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376 | (5) |
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11.6.2 Helical (Laguerre-Gaussian) Beam Reflectarray |
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381 | (2) |
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11.7 Reflectarrays Radiating Multiple Azimuthally Distributed Pencil Beams |
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383 | (3) |
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11.8 Conclusions and Observations |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (6) |
12 Applications of Metasurfaces in the Microwave, Terahertz, and Optical Regimes |
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393 | (45) |
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12.1 Applications of Metasurfaces in the Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Regimes |
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393 | (10) |
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12.1.1 Ultrathin Electromagnetic Absorbers |
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394 | (1) |
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12.1.2 Polarization Control Surfaces |
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394 | (2) |
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12.1.3 Artificial Grounds for Low-Profile Antennas |
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396 | (2) |
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12.1.4 Antenna Superstrates and Coatings |
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398 | (1) |
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12.1.5 Modulated Metasurfaces for Leaky Wave Radiation |
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399 | (1) |
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12.1.6 Scattering Signature Control |
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400 | (2) |
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12.1.7 Reflect-/Transmit-Arrays |
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402 | (1) |
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12.2 Applications of Metasurfaces in the Terahertz Regime |
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403 | (15) |
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12.2.1 History of Terahertz Metasurfaces |
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403 | (3) |
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12.2.2 Recent Developments in Terahertz Metamaterial Technology |
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406 | (11) |
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12.2.3 Future Developments |
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417 | (1) |
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12.3 Applications of Metasurfaces in the Optical Regime |
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418 | (6) |
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12.3.1 Generalized Snell's Law |
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418 | (2) |
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420 | (1) |
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12.3.3 OAM Beam Generation |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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12.3.5 Optical Invisibility Cloak |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (1) |
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424 | (14) |
Appendix Representative Literature Review on Surface Electromagnetics |
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438 | (28) |
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Index |
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466 | |