|
Truth and Deception in the Human Mind |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
Uncritical Persons (intellectually unskilled thinkers) |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
Skilled Manipulators (weak-sense critical thinkers) |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
Critical Persons (strong-sense critical thinkers) |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
The Concept of Fallacies of Thought |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
Mistakes Versus Fallacies |
|
|
8 | (2) |
|
There is No Exhaustive List of Fallacies |
|
|
10 | (2) |
|
|
|
12 | (3) |
|
Analyzing Generalizations |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
|
|
17 | (19) |
|
44 Foul Ways to Win an Argument |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
Accuse Your Opponent of Doing What He is Accusing You of or worse |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
Accuse Him of Sliding Down A Slippery Slope (that leads to disaster) |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
Appeal to Pity (or sympathy) |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
Appeal to Popular Passions |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
Appeal to Tradition or Faith ("the tried and true") |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
Assume a Posture of Righteousness |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
Attack the person (and not the argument) |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
Call For Perfection (Demand impossible conditions) |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
Create a False Dilemma (the Great Either/Or) |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
Devise Analogies (and Metaphors) That Support Your View (even if they are misleading or "false") |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
Question Your Opponent's Conclusions |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
Create Misgivings: Where There's Smoke, There's Fire |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
Deny or Defend Your Inconsistencies |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
Demonize His Side Sanitize Yours |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
Evade Questions, Gracefully |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Attack Evidence (That Undermines Your Case) |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Insist Loudly on a Minor Point |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Use the Hard-Cruel-World Argument (to justify doing what is usually considered unethical) |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
Make (Sweeping) Glittering Generalizations |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
Make Much of Any Inconsistencies in Your Opponent's Position |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
Make Your Opponent Look Ridiculous ("Lost in the Laugh") |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
Raise Nothing But Objections |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
Rewrite History (Have It Your Way) |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
Seek Your Vested Interests |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
Shift the Burden of Proof |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
Talk in Vague Generalities |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
Treat Abstract Words and Symbols As If They Were Real Things |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
Throw In A Red Herring (or two) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
Use Double Standards (whenever you can) |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
44 Foul Ways to Win an Argument (Chart) |
|
|
36 | (6) |
|
Fallacy Detection: Analyzing a Speech from the Past |
|
|
42 | (4) |
|
Fallacy Detection: Analyzing a Current Presidential Speech |
|
|
46 | (2) |
|
Fallacy Detection: Analyzing a Speech from a Presidential Candidate |
|
|
48 | (2) |
|
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
1) Finding Fallacies Only in the Thinking of Others (None in Yourself), and |
|
|
|
2) Finding an Equal Number of Fallacies in Everything you Read |
|
|
| Conclusion: Fallacies in An Ideal (And in a Real) World |
|
51 | |
