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E-grāmata: Understanding Wine Chemistry [Wiley Online]

, (School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Australia),
  • Formāts: 480 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Aug-2016
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1118730720
  • ISBN-13: 9781118730720
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
  • Wiley Online
  • Cena: 127,31 €*
  • * this price gives unlimited concurrent access for unlimited time
  • Formāts: 480 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Aug-2016
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1118730720
  • ISBN-13: 9781118730720
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Wine chemistry inspires and challenges with its complexity, and while this is intriguing, it can also be a barrier to further understanding. The topic is demystified in Understanding Wine Chemistry, Special Mention awardee in the 2018 OIV awards, which explains the important chemistry of wine at the level of university education, and provides an accessible reference text for scientists and scientifically trained winemakers alike.

Understanding Wine Chemistry:





Summarizes the compounds found in wine, their basic chemical properties and their contribution to wine stability and sensory properties Focuses on chemical and biochemical reaction mechanisms that are critical to wine production processes such as fermentation, aging, physiochemical separations and additions Includes case studies showing how chemistry can be harnessed to enhance wine color, aroma, flavor, balance, stability and quality.

This descriptive text provides an overview of wine components and explains the key chemical reactions they undergo, such as those controlling the transformation of grape components, those that arise during fermentation, and the evolution of wine flavor and color. The book aims to guide the reader, who perhaps only has a basic knowledge of chemistry, to rationally explain or predict the outcomes of chemical reactions that contribute to the diversity observed among wines. This will help students, winemakers and other interested individuals to anticipate the effects of wine treatments and processes, or interpret experimental results based on an understanding of the major chemical reactions that can occur in wine.
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Introduction xvii
The chemical diversity of wine
xvii
What is wine?
xvii
Chemical reactions in wine
xx
Chemistry as a historical record
xxi
The chemical senses and wine flavor
xxi
References
xxiv
Part A Wine Components and Their Reactions 1(158)
1 Water and Ethanol
3(8)
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Chemical and physical properties of water
3(1)
1.3 Properties of ethanol and ethanol-water mixtures
4(2)
1.4 Typical ethanol concentrations in wines
6(1)
1.5 Sensory effects of ethanol
7(2)
References
9(2)
2 Carbohydrates
11(8)
2.1 Introduction
11(1)
2.2 Nomenclature, representation, and occurrence of sugars
11(3)
2.3 Physical, chemical, and sensory properties of sugars
14(3)
2.4 Polysaccharides
17(1)
References
18(1)
3 Acids
19(15)
3.1 Introduction
19(1)
3.2 Organic acids in wine
19(2)
3.3 Organic acids, pH, and wine acidity
21(7)
3.4 Acid adjustments
28(3)
3.5 General roles of organic acids and pH in wine reactions
31(1)
3.6 Sensory effects of acids
31(1)
References
32(2)
4 Minerals
34(6)
4.1 Introduction
34(1)
4.2 Origins of metals in wine
35(1)
4.3 Reactions involving metals
35(2)
4.4 Sensory effects of metals
37(1)
4.5 Metals and wine authenticity
37(1)
References
38(2)
5 Amines, Amino Acids, and Proteins
40(11)
5.1 Introduction
40(1)
5.2 Chemistry of amines
40(1)
5.3 Amino acids and related major nitrogenous compounds in wines
41(3)
5.4 Nitrogenous compounds with health effects
44(1)
5.5 Odor-active amines
45(3)
References
48(3)
6 Higher Alcohols
51(6)
6.1 Introduction
51(1)
6.2 Properties of higher alcohols
51(1)
6.3 Origins and concentrations of higher alcohols
52(1)
6.4 Six-carbon (C6) alcohols
53(1)
6.5 Methanol
54(1)
References
55(2)
7 Esters
57(11)
7.1 Introduction
57(1)
7.2 Chemistry of esters
57(3)
7.3 Esters in grapes
60(1)
7.4 Esters formed during winemaking and storage
60(5)
7.5 Sensory effects
65(1)
References
66(2)
8 Isoprenoids
68(11)
8.1 Introduction
68(1)
8.2 General chemical and sensory properties of isoprenoids
68(1)
8.3 Monoterpenoids
69(4)
8.4 Sesquiterpenoids
73(1)
8.5 C13-Norisoprenoids
74(2)
References
76(3)
9 Aldehydes, Ketones, and Related Compounds
79(9)
9.1 Introduction
79(1)
9.2 Acetaldehyde
80(1)
9.3 Short and medium chain aldehydes
80(4)
9.4 Complex carbonyls
84(1)
9.5 Carbonyl reactivity
85(1)
References
86(2)
10 Thiols and Related Sulfur Compounds
88(11)
10.1 Introduction
88(3)
10.2 Varietal sulfur aroma compounds - polyfunctional thiols
91(2)
10.3 Fermentative sulfur aroma compounds
93(1)
10.4 Other sulfur-containing aroma compounds
94(1)
Chemical principles: nucleophiles and electrophiles
95(2)
References
97(2)
11 Introduction to Phenolics
99(6)
11.1 Introduction
99(3)
11.2 Non-flavonoids
102(1)
11.3 Flavonoids
103(1)
References
104(1)
12 Volatile Phenols
105(7)
12.1 Introduction
105(1)
12.2 Structure and chemical properties
105(2)
12.3 Concentrations in wine and sensory effects
107(1)
12.4 Origins in wine and effects on volatile phenol profile
107(3)
References
110(2)
13 Non-flavonoid Phenolics
112(5)
13.1 Introduction
112(1)
13.2 Hydroxycinnamates
112(1)
13.3 Hydroxybenzoic acids
113(1)
13.4 Stilbenes
114(1)
References
115(2)
14 Flavan-3-ols and Condensed Tannin
117(10)
14.1 Introduction
117(1)
14.2 Monomeric catechins
117(2)
14.3 Oligomeric proanthocyanidins and polymeric condensed tannins
119(3)
14.4 Sensory effects
122(1)
Chemical principles: electrophilic aromatic substitution
123(2)
References
125(2)
15 Flavonols
127(4)
15.1 Introduction
127(1)
15.2 Concentrations of flavonols
127(2)
15.3 Effects of growing conditions and winemaking
129(1)
References
129(2)
16 Anthocyanins
131(9)
16.1 Introduction
131(1)
16.2 Structures and forms
131(2)
16.3 Non-covalent interactions: co-pigmentation
133(1)
16.4 Bisulfite bleaching
134(1)
16.5 Wine pigments
135(3)
References
138(2)
17 Sulfur Dioxide
140(9)
17.1 Introduction and terminology
140(1)
17.2 Acid-base chemistry of SO2
141(2)
17.3 Sulfonate adducts, "bound SO2," and antioxidant effects
143(3)
17.4 Typical sources and concentrations of SO2 in wine
146(1)
17.5 Measurement of molecular, free, and total SO2
146(1)
17.6 Sensory effects
147(1)
References
148(1)
18 Taints, Off-flavors, and Mycotoxins
149(10)
18.1 Introduction
149(1)
18.2 Common wine taints
150(5)
18.3 Off-flavors in wine
155(1)
References
156(3)
Part B Chemistry of Wine Production Processes 159(224)
19 Outline of Wine Production
161(11)
19.1 Introduction
161(1)
19.2 Basic workflow
161(3)
19.3 Processes involved
164(2)
19.4 Tanks and fermenters
166(3)
19.5 Beyond fermentation
169(1)
19.6 Specialty wines
169(1)
References
170(2)
20 Grape Must Composition Overview
172(7)
20.1 Sampling
172(1)
20.2 Sugars
172(1)
20.3 Acids
173(1)
20.4 Phenolics
174(1)
20.5 Nitrogen species
175(1)
20.6 Lipids and waxes
175(1)
20.7 Minerals and vitamins
176(1)
20.8 Isoprenoids
176(1)
20.9 Insoluble materials
176(1)
References
177(2)
21 Maceration and Extraction of Grape Components
179(15)
21.1 Introduction
179(4)
21.2 Pre-fermentative treatments
183(3)
21.3 Maceration treatments during fermentation
186(3)
21.4 Post-fermentation maceration
189(1)
References
190(4)
22 The Biochemistry of Wine Fermentations
194(45)
22.1 Glycolysis
195(10)
22.1.1 Introduction
195(1)
22.1.2 Glycolysis and alcoholic fermentation
196(2)
22.1.3 Glyceropyruvic fermentation
198(2)
22.1.4 Succinic acid and other Krebs cycle intermediates
200(2)
22.1.5 Consequences of glycolysis on wine chemistry
202(2)
References
204(1)
22.2 Fatty Acid Metabolism
205(9)
22.2.1 Introduction
205(1)
22.2.2 Long-chain fatty acid metabolism
205(4)
22.2.3 Mid-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and ethyl esters
209(2)
22.2.4 Increasing MCFA and their ethyl esters in winemaking
211(1)
References
212(2)
22.3 Amino Acid Metabolism
214(9)
22.3.1 Introduction
214(1)
22.3.2 Nitrogen uptake and catabolite repression
214(2)
22.3.3 Amino acid anabolism, catabolism, and carbon skeletons
216(1)
22.3.4 Higher alcohol formation
216(2)
22.3.5 Acetate ester formation
218(1)
22.3.6 YAN in the winery - requirements, approaches, and consequences
219(2)
References
221(2)
22.4 Sulfur Metabolism
223(7)
22.4.1 Introduction
223(1)
22.4.2 Sulfide production and assimilation
223(3)
22.4.3 Nitrogen sources and H2S formation
226(1)
22.4.4 Timing of formation and residual H2S
227(1)
References
228(2)
22.5 Bacterial Fermentation Products
230(9)
22.5.1 Introduction
230(1)
22.5.2 Lactic acid bacteria
230(5)
22.5.3 Spoilage of wine by bacteria
235(2)
References
237(2)
23 Grape-Derived Aroma Precursors
239(39)
23.1 Glycosidic Precursors to Wine Odorants
240(16)
23.1.1 Introduction
240(2)
23.1.2 Formation of glycosidic aroma precursors in grape berries
242(3)
23.1.3 Glycosidic aroma precursors - extraction
245(1)
23.1.4 Hydrolysis of glycosidic aroma precursors - mechanisms
246(3)
23.1.5 Hydrolysis of glycosides under fermentation and aging conditions
249(3)
References
252(4)
23.2 S-Conjugates
256(9)
23.2.1 Introduction
256(1)
23.2.2 Formation of S-conjugate precursors in berries and juice
257(2)
23.2.3 Conversion of S-conjugate precursors during fermentation
259(3)
23.2.4 Mass balance and alternative pathways to volatile thiol formation
262(1)
References
263(2)
23.3 Conversion of Variety Specific Components, Other
265(13)
23.3.1 Introduction
265(1)
23.3.2 Polyunsaturated fatty acid precursors of C6 compounds
265(4)
23.3.3 Hydroxycinnamic acids, Brettanomyces, and volatile phenols
269(4)
23.3.4 S-methylmethionine and dimethyl sulfide
273(2)
References
275(3)
24 Wine Oxidation
278(16)
24.1 Introduction
278(1)
24.2 Redox reactions
278(2)
24.3 The central tenets of wine oxidation
280(3)
24.4 The central tenets of quinone reactions
283(5)
24.5 The central tenets of the Fenton reaction and byproducts
288(3)
References
291(3)
25 Topics Related to Aging
294(24)
25.1 Introduction
294(1)
25.2 Reactions involving red wine pigments
294(4)
25.3 Hydrolytic and pH-dependent reactions
298(5)
25.4 Activation energy and temperature effects on aging
303(1)
25.5 Effects of oak storage
304(5)
25.6 Sensory effects of different aging conditions
309(3)
Closure performance
312(1)
References
313(5)
26 The Chemistry of Post-fermentation Processing
318(59)
26.1 Cold Stabilization
319(13)
26.1.1 Introduction
319(1)
26.1.2 KHT crystal properties and solubility
320(2)
26.1.3 Critical factors for KHT precipitation
322(3)
26.1.4 Testing for KHT stability
325(2)
26.1.5 Treatments for preventing KHT precipitation
327(3)
26.1.6 CaT and related precipitates
330(1)
References
330(2)
26.2 Fining
332(14)
26.2.1 Introduction
332(1)
26.2.2 Tannin fining with proteins
333(5)
26.2.3 Protein fining with bentonite
338(3)
26.2.4 Miscellaneous fining and related treatments
341(2)
References
343(3)
26.3 Particle Filtration and Reverse Osmosis
346(13)
26.3.1 Introduction
346(1)
26.3.2 Definitions, principles, and characteristics of winery filtration
347(3)
26.3.3 Filtration and fouling
350(4)
26.3.4 Reverse osmosis
354(1)
26.3.5 Sensory effects of filtration
355(2)
References
357(2)
26.4 Distillation
359(18)
26.4.1 Introduction
359(1)
26.4.2 Vapor-liquid equilibria
360(5)
26.4.3 Batch and continuous distillation
365(8)
26.4.4 Spirit composition and cask maturation
373(2)
References
375(2)
27 Additives and Processing Aids
377(6)
27.1 Introduction
377(1)
27.2 Regulations and terminology
377(2)
27.3 Additives and processing aids: functions and comparison across regions
379(3)
References
382(1)
Part C Case Studies: Recent Advances in Wine Chemistry 383(37)
28 Authentication
385(7)
28.1 Introduction
385(1)
28.2 Fraud - categories and detection approaches
385(2)
28.3 Stable isotope ratio analysis to detect glycerol adulteration
387(2)
28.4 Future challenges in wine authentication
389(1)
References
390(2)
29 Optimizing White Wine Aromas
392(5)
29.1 Introduction
392(1)
29.2 Enhancement of varietal thiols
392(2)
29.3 Cofermentation and spontaneous fermentation
394(1)
References
395(2)
30 Appearance of Reduced Aromas during Bottle Storage
397(3)
30.1 Introduction
397(1)
30.2 Potential latent sources of compounds responsible for reduced aromas
397(2)
References
399(1)
31 Grape Genetics, Chemistry, and Breeding
400(4)
31.1 Introduction
400(1)
31.2 Breeding new varieties
400(2)
31.3 Genetics and selection
402(1)
References
403(1)
32 Analytical Innovations and Applications
404(13)
32.1 Introduction
404(1)
32.2 Typical approaches to wine analysis
405(3)
32.3 Multivariate data analysis and chemometrics
408(1)
32.4 Chemometrics in practice - rapid methods for wine analysis
409(4)
32.5 Targeted and untargeted metabolomics of wine
413(1)
References
414(3)
33 New Approaches to Tannin Characterization
417(3)
33.1 Introduction
417(1)
33.2 The challenge of astringency subclasses
418(1)
References
418(2)
Index 420
Professor Andrew L. Waterhouse, Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, USA. Andrew Waterhouse received his PhD in organic chemistry from UC Berkeley, and has been a wine chemist at the University of California, Davis since 1991. He teaches wine analysis, graduate level wine chemistry, and an online introductory wine course, and is Chair of the Viticulture and Enology graduate studies program. Former graduate students and postdocs are academics, industry scientists and winemakers. His research lab has reported key wine oxidation reactions and has developed new methods to analyse wine components including those using LC-MS with isotope filtering, as well as NMR techniques. The research has focused on wine phenolics, oak compounds and oxidation products. In addition his lab has also been addressing the metabolic products of phenolics. He publishes in numerous international journals in the fields of chemistry and agriculture, and serves as a chief editor at the Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. See: waterhouse.ucdavis.edu. 

Dr Gavin Sacks, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, USA. Gavin Sacks received his PhD in analytical chemistry from Cornell University, and following post-doctoral studies in nutritional sciences and biogeochemistry he began as a faculty in food science at Cornell in 2007. He has served as Director of Undergraduate Studies for Cornells interdepartmental Viticulture and Enology undergraduate major, in which he also teaches courses in wine analysis and in wine flavor chemistry. His research interests include the development of both low-cost and state-of-the-art approaches to analysis of odorants and other organoleptically important compounds; and applying these tools to understanding the role of plant genetics, cultural practices, and post-harvest processing on sensory attributes of foods and beverages, particularly of wine. 

Dr David Jeffery, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Australia. David Jeffery received his PhD in synthetic organic chemistry from Flinders University, and has been involved with wine chemistry for over a decade, initially as a researcher at The Australian Wine Research Institute before transitioning to The University of Adelaide in 2010. He teaches wine chemistry to undergraduate and Master level students, delivering topics associated with stabilization, clarification, distillation, wine aroma, polyphenols, and analytical methods. He also helped to develop and deliver a free online wine education course called Wine 101x, offered on the EdX platform. Davids research areas extend to on many aspects of wine chemistry, with special interests in polyphenols and aroma compounds and their precursors. He utilizes his expertise in synthetic organic chemistry and natural product isolation, purification and characterization, along with experience in developing and applying analytical methods, to improve understanding of grape and wine chemistry, particularly in relation to chemical composition and quality.