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Urban Water Cycle Processes and Interactions: Urban Water Series - UNESCO-IHP [Mīkstie vāki]

, (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil & UNESCO-IHP, Paris, France), , , , (Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, USA)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 152 pages, height x width: 246x174 mm, weight: 317 g
  • Sērija : Urban Water Series
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Sep-2007
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 041545347X
  • ISBN-13: 9780415453479
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Urban Water Cycle Processes and Interactions: Urban Water Series - UNESCO-IHPPalielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 152 pages, height x width: 246x174 mm, weight: 317 g
  • Sērija : Urban Water Series
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Sep-2007
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 041545347X
  • ISBN-13: 9780415453479
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780415453479.html
Keywords:
Effective management of urban water should be based on a scientific understanding of the impact of human activity on both the urban hydrological cycle including its processes and interactions and the environment itself. Such anthropogenic impacts, which vary broadly in time and space, need to be quantified with respect to local climate, urban development, cultural, environmental and religious practices, and other socio-economic factors.

Urban Water Cycle Processes and Interactions represents the fruit of a project by UNESCOs International Hydrological Programme on this topic. The volume begins by introducing the urban water cycle concept and the need for integrated or total management. It then explores in detail the manifold hydrological components of the cycle, the diverse elements of urban infrastructure and water services, and the various effects of urbanization on the environment from the atmosphere and surface waters to wetlands, soils and groundwater, as well as biodiversity. A concluding series of recommendations for effective urban water management summarize the important findings set forth here.

Urban Water Series - UNESCO-IHP Volumes

Following from the Sixth Phase of UNESCOs International Hydrological Programme (20022007), the Urban Water Series UNESCO-IHP addresses fundamental issues related to the role of water in cities and the effects of urbanization on the hydrological cycle and water resources. Focusing on the development of integrated approaches to sustainable urban water management, the Series should inform the work of urban water management practitioners, policy-makers and educators throughout the world.
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xii
Acronyms xiii
Glossary xv
Acknowledgements xix
1 Urban water cycle 1
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Urban water cycle concept
3
1.3 Total management of the urban water cycle
7
2 Urban water cycle hydrologic components 9
2.1 Water sources
10
2.1.1 Municipal water supply
10
2.1.2 Precipitation
10
2.1.2.1 Climatic aspects
10
2.1.2.2 Urban precipitation
11
2.2 Hydrologic abstractions
12
2.2.1 Interception
13
2.2.2 Depression storage
13
2.2.3 Evaporation and evapotranspiration
13
2.2.4 Infiltration
14
2.2.5 Lumped hydrologic abstractions
14
2.3 Water storage
15
2.3.1 Soil moisture
15
2.3.2 Urban groundwater
15
2.4 Interflow and groundwater flow
16
2.5 Stormwater runoff
16
2.6 Natural drainage: urban streams, rivers and lakes
17
2.7 Needs for urban water infrastructure
18
3 Urban water infrastructure 19
3.1 Demands on water services in urban areas
19
3.2 Water supply
21
3.2.1 Overview of situation in developing countries
23
3.2.1.1 Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
23
3.2.1.2 Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
24
3.2.1.3 East, South and South-East Asia (ESSA)
24
3.2.2 Historical development
24
3.2.3 Water demand
25
3.2.3.1 Water supply standards: quantity
27
3.2.3.2 Water supply standards: quality
28
3.2.4 Water supply sources
29
3.2.4.1 Conjunctive use of sources and artificial recharge
30
3.2.4.2 Supplementary sources of water
30
3.2.4.3 Water shortage
32
3.2.5 Example of improving the water supply in the Tehran Metropolitan Area
32
3.2.6 Drinking water treatment
33
3.2.6.1 Emerging technologies
33
3.2.6.2 Desalination
33
3.2.6.3 Disinfection
35
3.2.7 Water distribution systems
36
3.2.8 Drinking water supplies in developing countries
36
3.3 Urban drainage
37
3.3.1 Flooding in urban areas
39
3.3.1.1 Local (pluvial) flooding
40
3.3.1.2 Urban (fluvial) floods
41
3.3.2 Stormwater
42
3.3.2.1 Stormwater characterization
44
3.3.2.2 Stormwater management
45
3.3.2.3 Special considerations for drainage in cold climates
48
3.3.3 Combined sewer overflows
48
3.3.3.1 CSO characterization
48
3.3.3.2 CSO control and treatment
49
3.4 Wastewater and sanitation
50
3.4.1 Problem definition
50
3.4.2 Technological development
52
3.4.3 Ecological sanitation
53
3.4.4 Basic demands on wastewater management systems
54
3.4.5 Wastewater characterization
55
3.4.6 Wastewater systems without separation of wastewaters at the source
56
3.4.6.1 Centralized systems
56
3.4.6.2 Distributed (local) systems
57
3.4.7 Systems with separation of wastewaters at the source
58
3.4.8 Wastewater treatment technologies for developing countries
59
3.4.9 Case study of water pollution control in the Tehran Metropolitan Area
60
3.4.10 Water and wastewater reuse
61
3.4.10.1 NEWater in Singapore
62
3.4.10.2 Shinjuku water recycling centre, Tokyo, Japan
62
3.4.10.3 Wetlands with fish production in Calcutta, India
63
3.4.10.4 Reuse of (untreated) sewage for agricultural irrigation in the Mezquital Valley (Mexico City sewage disposal)
63
3.4.10.5 Reuse of stormwater and greywater in Sydney, Australia
64
3.4.11 Closing observations on wastewater management in developing countries
64
4 Impacts of urbanization on the environment 67
4.1 Overview
67
4.2 General characterization of urbanization effects
68
4.2.1 Increased ground imperviousness
69
4.2.2 Changes in runoff conveyance networks
69
4.2.2.1 Construction of runoff conveyance networks
70
4.2.2.2 Canalization of urban streams and rivers
70
4.2.2.3 Interfering transport infrastructures
71
4.2.3 Increased water consumption
71
4.2.4 Timescales of urbanization effects
72
4.2.5 Types of receiving waters and spatial scales
72
4.3 Urbanization effects on the atmosphere
73
4.3.1 Thermal effects (urban heat island phenomenon)
74
4.3.2 Urban air pollution
74
4.3.3 Combined impacts
75
4.4 Urbanization effects on surface waters
75
4.4.1 Physical effects
76
4.4.1.1 Urbanization effects on flows
76
4.4.1.2 Urbanization effects on sediment regime: erosion and siltation
76
4.4.1.3 Modification of the thermal regime of receiving waters
77
4.4.1.4 Density stratification of receiving water bodies
77
4.4.1.5 Combined physical effects
78
4.4.2 Chemical effects
79
4.4.2.1 Dissolved oxygen reduction
79
4.4.2.2 Nutrient enrichment and eutrophication
79
4.4.2.3 Toxicity
80
4.4.3 Microbiological effects
81
4.4.3.1 Waterborne pathogens
81
4.4.3.2 Indicators of microbiological pollution
85
4.4.4 Combined effects on surface waters
86
4.4.5 Examples of urbanization effects on specific types of receiving waters
87
4.4.5.1 Rivers
87
4.4.5.2 Lakes and reservoirs
89
4.5 Urbanization effects on wetlands
91
4.6 Urbanization effects on soils
94
4.6.1 Erosion
94
4.6.2 Transport of pollutants in soils
95
4.6.3 Changes in water quality during percolation through soils
96
4.6.4 Effects of sludge disposal on soils
96
4.6.4.1 Sludge production
97
4.6.4.2 Sludge quality
97
4.6.4.3 Biosolids (sludge) application on land
98
4.6.4.4 Sludge disposal
98
4.6.4.5 New chemicals of concern in sludge
99
4.7 Urban impacts on groundwater
99
4.7.1 Unintentional discharges into groundwater aquifers
100
4.7.2 Intentional discharges into groundwater aquifers
102
4.7.3 Impacts on aquifers
103
4.8 Urban impacts on biota: loss of biodiversity
103
4.8.1 General structure of water bodies and their biota
103
4.8.2 Properties of the water bodies affecting flora and fauna
103
4.8.3 Effects of alterations of urban water bodies on biota
104
4.8.3.1 Rivers
104
4.8.3.2 Lakes and reservoirs
106
5 Summary 109
References 113
Index 127
Jiri Marsalek