Atjaunināt sīkdatņu piekrišanu

E-grāmata: Wine Chemistry and Flavor [Wiley Online]

  • Formāts: 336 pages, 50 illustrations
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Aug-2004
  • Izdevniecība: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 470995599
  • ISBN-13: 9780470995594
  • Wiley Online
  • Cena: 294,35 €*
  • * this price gives unlimited concurrent access for unlimited time
  • Formāts: 336 pages, 50 illustrations
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Aug-2004
  • Izdevniecība: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 470995599
  • ISBN-13: 9780470995594
The commercial importance of wine continues to increase across the globe, with the availability of many new wines, encompassing a remarkable and exciting range of flavours. Wine Flavour Chemistry focuses on aspects of wine making procedures that are important in the development of flavour, describing some of the grapes used and their resulting wines. In-depth descriptions of flavour reaction pathways are given, together with cutting-edge scientific information concerning flavour release, its associated chemistry and physics, and the sensory perception of volatile flavours.

Wine Flavour Chemistry contains a vast wealth of information describing components of wine, their underlying chemistry and their possible role in the taste and smell characteristics of wines, fortified wines, sherry and port. Many extremely useful tables are included, linking information on grapes, wines, composition and resulting perceived flavours.

Wine Flavour Chemistry is essential reading for all those involved in commercial wine making, be it in production, trade or research. The book will be of great use and interest to all enologists, and to food and beverage scientists and technologists in commercial companies and within the academic sector. Upper level students and teachers on enology courses will need to read this book. All libraries in universities and research establishments where food and beverage science and technology, and chemistry are studied and taught, should have multiple copies of this important book.
Preface x
Introduction
1(36)
Scope of the book
1(1)
Historical background
2(1)
Wine flavour
3(2)
Wine colour
5(1)
Vinification
6(26)
Vinification process
8(1)
Pre-fermentation
8(5)
Fermentation
13(1)
Post-fermentation
14(3)
Red wines
17(1)
Pre-fermentation
17(1)
Fermentation
18(1)
Post-fermentation
18(1)
White wines
19(1)
Pre-fermentation
19(1)
Fermentation
20(1)
Post-fermentation
21(1)
Specialized wines
21(1)
Sweet wines
21(1)
Sweet wines from Botrytis infected grapes
22(1)
Sparkling wine in Champagne
22(1)
Sparkling wine by other methods
23(1)
Wines by carbonic maceration
24(1)
Wines by thermovinification
24(1)
Wines matured `Sur Lie'
24(1)
Fortified wines
25(1)
Port wine
25(2)
Sherry
27(4)
Madeira
31(1)
Physiological effects
32(5)
Bibliography
34(3)
Grape Varieties and Growing Regions
37(29)
Wine grapes
37(2)
Vine plant characteristics
39(1)
Soil and climate
40(6)
Grape growing regions of the world
46(2)
Chemical composition of grapes, must and finished wines
48(10)
Grapes and must
48(9)
Finished wine
57(1)
Quality control and classification of wines
58(8)
France
59(1)
Germany
60(2)
Italy
62(1)
Spain
62(1)
Quality control systems in the European Union
63(1)
Bibliography
64(2)
Basic Taste and Stimulant Components
66(54)
Introduction
66(1)
Ethyl alcohol
66(7)
Measurement of ethyl alcohol content in wines
67(1)
Measurement of sugar content in musts and wines
68(1)
Brix scale
69(1)
Baume and Oeschele scales
70(1)
Prediction of alcohol content in the finished wine
70(2)
Sugar content of grapes and must
72(1)
Chaptalization
72(1)
Acidity
73(6)
Contents of organic acids
74(3)
Measurement of acid content
77(1)
Acid taste
78(1)
Sweetness
79(6)
Chemical structure of sugars
79(5)
Content/sweetness
84(1)
Bitterness, astringency and mouth feel
85(14)
Basic chemistry
85(1)
Non-flavanoids
85(2)
Flavan-3-ols
87(1)
Flavonoids
88(1)
Anthocyanins
89(1)
Basic technology
90(1)
Location of polyphenols in grapes
90(1)
Use of the term `tannins' and their classification
90(3)
Quantifying methods
93(4)
Bitter constituents
97(1)
White wines
97(1)
Red wines
97(1)
Astringency
98(1)
Mouth feel
99(1)
Colouring matter
99(1)
Colour of red wines
99(1)
Colour of white wines
100(1)
Other constituents
100(8)
Sulphur dioxide
101(1)
Basic chemistry
101(1)
Technical use
102(1)
Taste effects
102(1)
Carbon dioxide
103(1)
Formation and handling of CO2
103(1)
Sensory factors
104(1)
Oxygen
105(1)
Basic chemistry
105(1)
Oxygen content in wines
106(2)
Effect of oxygen on wine
108(1)
Changes in maturation
108(12)
`In-barrel' ageing
109(3)
`In-bottle' ageing
112(1)
Oxidation-reduction (redox) potential
112(1)
General
112(1)
Nernst equation
113(1)
Redox potentials in wine
114(1)
Redox potentials during vinification
115(1)
Bibliography
116(4)
Volatile Components
120(69)
General
120(17)
Partition coefficients
120(4)
Threshold flavour/odour levels
124(2)
Units
126(1)
Consistency of threshold odour levels
126(2)
Threshold level difference between sniffing and tasting
128(1)
Threshold levels in solutions of dissolved substances in water and in beverages
128(2)
Relationship of threshold values to partition coefficients
130(2)
Volatile compound concentration in the vapour phase
132(2)
Flavour/odour descriptions
134(1)
Use of word descriptions
134(2)
Intensity of flavour/odour
136(1)
Volatile compounds detected in wines
137(5)
Types of aroma in volatile compounds
140(1)
Stereochemical effects in aroma volatile compounds
141(1)
Contents and sensory evaluation data
142(35)
Esters
142(1)
Structure
142(1)
Presence in wines
142(1)
Flavour characteristics
143(5)
Aldehydes
148(1)
Presence in wine
148(1)
Flavour characteristics
149(1)
Ketones
149(1)
Presence in wines
149(1)
Flavour characteristics
149(6)
Acetals
155(1)
Alcohols
155(1)
Presence in wines
155(3)
Flavour characteristics
158(1)
Lactones and furanones
159(1)
Molecular structures
159(2)
Presence in wines
161(3)
Flavour characteristics
164(1)
Acids
164(1)
Nitrogeneous compounds
164(2)
Phenols
166(1)
Presence in wines
166(1)
Flavour characteristics
166(1)
Terpenes
166(2)
Chemical structure
168(2)
Presence in grapes/wines
170(1)
Flavour characteristics
171(1)
Pyrazines
172(1)
Sulphur compounds
173(1)
Chemical structure
173(1)
Presence in wines
174(1)
Flavour characteristics
174(3)
Changes during maturation
177(4)
Storage of wines `in-vat (tank)' and `in-barrel (cask)'
177(2)
`In bottle' ageing
179(1)
Changes in ester content
179(1)
Substances produced by carbohydrate degradation
180(1)
Sulphur compounds
180(1)
Changes in terpenoids
180(1)
Formation of substances from carotene breakdown
181(1)
Aroma detection and quantification
181(2)
Chemical structure and physical properties
183(6)
Bibliography
184(5)
Wine Tasting Procedures and Overall Wine Flavour
189(41)
Wine tasting
189(2)
Wine-tasting procedure
191(11)
Reasons for wine tasting
196(4)
Wine tasting information and analysis
200(2)
Factors influencing sensory perception
202(2)
Balance of taste sensations in wine
204(1)
Wine aromas
205(16)
Odour/aroma classification
207(2)
Aroma/odour characteristics of wines from particular grape varieties
209(6)
Variants in Cabernet Sauvignon wine flavour
215(1)
Variants of Chardonnay wine flavour
216(1)
Flavour description of some other commercial wines
217(2)
Off-odours and taints
219(2)
Wine and food flavour
221(2)
Aroma indices and statistical methods
223(7)
Flavour unit concept
223(2)
Odour activity unit
225(1)
Multivariate and other statistical procedures
226(1)
Bibliography
227(3)
Sherry and Port
230(35)
Introduction
230(4)
Ethyl alcohol -- sensory effect
233(1)
Ethyl alcohol -- chemical effect
233(1)
Sweetness
234(1)
Sherry
234(13)
Wine producers
235(1)
Commercial wine styles
235(1)
Wine writers' comments
236(1)
Grapes and must
236(1)
Base wine
237(1)
Maturation
237(1)
Maturation changes under flor
238(2)
Maturation changes without flor
240(1)
Maturation with and without flor
241(1)
Volatile compounds
241(5)
Changes during maturation in phenolic compound content
246(1)
Port wine
247(18)
Port wine producers
247(1)
Commercial port wine styles
248(1)
Wine writers' comments
249(1)
Grapes and must
250(1)
Fermentation and base port wine
251(2)
Port wine compared to red table wine
253(1)
Maturation
254(1)
Colour changes during maturation
255(3)
Volatile changes during maturation
258(3)
Bibliography
261(4)
Formation Pathways in Vinification
265(16)
Introduction
265(1)
Process variables in vinification
266(6)
Grapes
266(1)
Yeast strain
266(3)
Temperature
269(1)
Standard operating temperature
269(1)
Thermovinification
270(1)
Clarification procedures
271(1)
Nutrient medium in fermentation
271(1)
Maceration
271(1)
Production of ethyl alcohol
272(1)
Production of individual groups of compounds
272(6)
Esters
272(1)
Aldehydes
273(1)
Ketones
273(1)
Acetals
273(1)
Higher alcohols
274(1)
Furanones and lactones
275(1)
Acids
275(1)
Amines
276(1)
Phenols (volatile)
276(1)
Terpenes
277(1)
Pyrazines
277(1)
Sulphur compounds
277(1)
Noble rot
278(3)
Bibliography
279(2)
Appendix I
281(26)
I.1 Chemical formulae nomenclature
281(4)
I.2 Stereochemistry
285(6)
I.3 Chemistry of the oxidation of organic compounds
291(10)
I.4 Estimation of partition coefficients of volatile compounds in air/water
301(3)
I.5 Grape varieties and cultivars
304(3)
Appendix II
307(11)
II.1 Units
307(1)
II.2 Data sources
307(11)
Tables of molecular formulae, weight and physical properties for each group of volatile compounds found in wine
308(1)
Volatile esters
308(3)
Volatile aldehydes
311(1)
Volatile ketones
312(1)
Volatile alcohols
313(1)
Volatile furanones/lactones
314(1)
Volatile acids
315(1)
Volatile phenols
316(1)
Volatile terpenes
316(1)
Volatile methoxy pyrazines
317(1)
Volatile sulphur compounds
317(1)
Index 318


Dr R. J. Clarke, co-editor of Coffee: Recent Developments and the widely acclaimed six-volume work Coffee, published between 1985 and 1988, is currently a food industry consultant, based in Chichester, UK. Dr J. Bakker, formerly Principal Researcher in food flavour and colour at IFR Reading, has over 19 years' experience in wine research including time as an industry consultant and tutor on wine courses at the University of Bath, Swindon, UK.