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E-book: Fundamentals of Combustion Engineering

Swarnendu Sen (Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India), Achintya Mukhopadhyay (Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, India)

Format: 336 pages
Pub. Date: 22-Feb-2019
Publisher: CRC Press Inc
ISBN-13: 9781482233315

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Format: 336 pages
Pub. Date: 22-Feb-2019
Publisher: CRC Press Inc
ISBN-13: 9781482233315

Other books in subject:

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This book is an introductory text on fundamental aspects of combustion including thermodynamics, heat and mass transfer and chemical kinetics which are used to systematically derive the basic concepts of combustion. Apart from the fundamental aspects, many of the emerging topics in the field like microscale combustion, combustion dynamics, oxy-fuel combustion and combustion diagnostics are also covered in the book. This would help the beginners in the subject to get initiated to the state of the art topics.

Key Features:

Coverage of the essential aspects of combustion engineering suitable for both beginners and practicing professionals

Topics like entropy generation, microscale combustion, combustion diagnostics, second law-based analysis exclusive to the title

Balanced treatment of thermodynamics, transport phenomena and chemical kinetics

Discussion on state of the art techniques in combustion diagnostics

Illustrates combustion of gaseous, liquid and solid fuels along with emission of pollutants and greenhouse gases

Preface

xiii

Authors

xvii

1 Introduction

(6)

1.1 Introduction to Combustion

(2)

1.2 Applications of Combustion

(1)

1.3 Approaches to Combustion Study

(1)

1.4 Types of Combustion

(1)

References

(2)

2 Thermodynamics of Reacting Systems

(48)

2.1 Review of Thermodynamics

(10)

2.1.1 Thermodynamic Properties

(2)

2.1.2 Property Relations

(2)

2.1.3 Mixture of Gases

(3)

2.1.4 First Law of Thermodynamics

(1)

2.1.5 Second Law of Thermodynamics

(2)

2.2 Fuels

(1)

2.3 Stoichiometry

(5)

2.4 First Law for Reacting Systems

(8)

2.4.1 Enthalpy of Formation

(1)

2.4.2 Calculation of Enthalpy of Formation at Elevated Temperatures

(1)

2.4.3 Enthalpy of Combustion and Adiabatic Flame Temperature

(3)

2.4.4 Constant Volume Combustion

(1)

2.5 Chemical Equilibrium

(15)

2.5.1 Effects of Pressure and Temperature on Equilibrium Composition

(1)

2.5.2 Equilibrium Constants in the Presence of Condensed Phase

(1)

2.5.3 Determination of Equilibrium Composition

(1)

2.5.4 Equilibrium Composition for Hydrocarbon Combustion in Air

(4)

2.5.4.1 Full Equilibrium Model

(1)

2.5.4.2 Water Gas Equilibrium

(3)

2.5.5 Determination of the Equilibrium Flame Temperature

(1)

2.6 Applications/Case Studies

(7)

2.6.1 Oxyfuel Combustion

(1)

2.6.2 Combustion of Synthetic Gas (Syngas)

(1)

2.6.3 Flue Gas/Exhaust Gas Recirculation

(2)

2.6.4 Fire Suppression Using Water Sprays

(3)

References

(2)

3 Chemical Kinetics

(18)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Global and Elementary Reactions

(2)

3.3 Bimolecular Reactions

(1)

3.4 Collision Theory of Reaction Rates

(3)

3.5 Unimolecular Reactions

(1)

3.6 Termolecular Reaction

(1)

3.7 Chain Reactions

(1)

3.8 Chemical Time Scales

(4)

3.9 Relation between Kinetic Rate Coefficients and Equilibrium Constants

(1)

3.10 Multistep Mechanism

(3)

3.11 Steady State Approximation

(1)

3.12 Partial Equilibrium Approximation

(4)

4 Simple Reactor Models

(12)

4.1 Constant Pressure Reactors

(3)

4.2 Constant Volume Reactor

(1)

4.3 Well-Stirred Reactor

(3)

4.4 Plug Flow Reactor

(3)

References

(2)

5 Conservation Equations

(20)

5.1 Reynolds Transport Theorem

(2)

5.2 Conservation of Mass

(1)

5.3 Conservation of Species

(2)

5.4 Conservation of Momentum

(7)

5.5 Conservation of Energy

(5)

5.6 Entropy Balance Equation

102

(2)

References

104

(1)

6 Laminar Premixed Flames

105

(26)

6.1 Physical Description

105

(1)

6.2 Rankine-Hugoniot Relations

106

(3)

6.2.1 Rayleigh Lines

106

(1)

6.2.2 Hugoniot Lines

107

(1)

6.2.3 Detonation and Deflagration Waves

108

(1)

6.2.4 Chapman-Jouguet Waves

109

(1)

6.3 Flame Propagation and Flame Speed

109

(2)

6.4 Determination of Flame Speed

111

(3)

6.4.1 Determination of Flame Speed by Bunsen Flame Method

111

(1)

6.4.2 Determination of Flame Speed by Flat Flame Burner Method

112

(1)

6.4.3 Determination of Flame Speed by Spherically Propagating Flame Method

113

(1)

6.5 Simplified Analysis

114

(4)

6.6 Factors Affecting Flame Speed

118

(1)

6.6.1 Dependence on Temperature

118

(1)

6.6.2 Dependence on Pressure

119

(1)

6.6.3 Dependence on Fuel Type

119

(1)

6.7 Flame Quenching and Ignition

119

(3)

6.7.1 Quenching of Ducted Flame Due to Heat Loss

119

(2)

6.7.2 Minimum Energy for Ignition

121

(1)

6.8 Flame Propagation in Microscale Combustors

122

(1)

6.9 Flame Stability, Lift-off, Blowout and Flashback

123

(1)

6.10 Flame Stretch

124

(6)

6.10.1 Identification of Flame Surface

127

(3)

References

130

(1)

7 Laminar Non-Premixed Flames

131

(44)

7.1 Physical Description

131

(7)

7.2 Simplified Analysis of Diffusion Controlled Systems

138

(1)

7.3 Conserved Scalar Formulation

139

(5)

7.3.1 Mixture Fraction

140

(1)

7.3.2 Conservation Equation for Mixture Fraction

141

(3)

7.4 Shvab-Zeldovich Formulation

144

(2)

7.5 Analysis of Typical Flame Configurations

146

(19)

7.5.1 Burke-Schumann Flame

146

(6)

7.5.2 Counterflow Flame

152

(13)

7.6 Partially Premixed Flames

165

(2)

7.7 Soot Generation

167

(2)

7.8 Effect of Exit Velocity on Jet Flames

169

(2)

References

171

(4)

8 Droplet and Spray Combustion

175

(20)

8.1 Spray Formation

175

(3)

8.2 Evaporation of a Single Droplet

178

(5)

8.3 Combustion of a Single Droplet

183

(5)

8.4 Multicomponent, High-Pressure Convective Effects

188

(1)

8.5 Physical Description of Spray Combustion

189

(1)

8.6 Simplified Analysis of Spray Combustion

190

(3)

8.6.1 Gas Phase

190

(1)

8.6.2 Droplet Equations

191

(2)

References

193

(2)

9 Modelling of Turbulent Combustion

195

(40)

9.1 Turbulent Flows

195

(1)

9.2 Modelling Approaches for Turbulence

196

(14)

9.2.1 Function Decomposition Techniques

196

(1)

9.2.2 Length and Time Scales in Turbulence

197

(3)

9.2.2.1 Large Scale

197

(1)

9.2.2.2 Integral Scale

198

(1)

9.2.2.3 Taylor Micro-Scale

199

(1)

9.2.2.4 Kolmogorov Scale

199

(1)

9.2.3 RANS Equations

200

(8)

9.2.3.1 Reynolds Stress Closure

202

(5)

9.2.3.2 Reynolds Scalar Flux Closure

207

(1)

9.2.4 LES Modelling

208

(2)

9.3 Need for Combustion Modelling

210

(1)

9.4 Turbulent Premixed Combustion

211

(7)

9.4.1 Structure of a Premixed Flame

211

(2)

9.4.2 Laminar and Turbulent Burning Velocities

213

(1)

9.4.3 Regimes of Premixed Turbulent Combustion

213

(1)

9.4.4 Modelling Approaches

214

(4)

9.4.4.1 Eddy-Breakup Model

214

(2)

9.4.4.2 Bray-Moss-Libby Model

216

(1)

9.4.4.3 Flame Surface Density Model

217

(1)

9.5 Turbulent Non-premixed Combustion

218

(12)

9.5.1 Structure of a Non-premixed Flame

218

(5)

9.5.2 Modelling Approaches

223

(13)

9.5.2.1 Eddy Dissipation Model

224

(1)

9.5.2.2 Presumed Probability Density Function (PDF) Approach

225

(1)

9.5.2.3 Flamelet Modelling

226

(2)

9.5.2.4 Flame Surface Density Approach

228

(1)

9.5.2.5 Conditional Moment Closure Model

228

(1)

9.5.2.6 PDF Approach

229

(1)

9.6 Turbulent Partially Premixed Combustion

230

(3)

References

233

(2)

10 Combustion of Solid Fuels and Surface Reactions

235

(28)

10.1 Heterogeneous Combustion

235

(1)

10.2 Burning of Coal

236

(14)

10.2.1 One-Film Model

237

(8)

10.2.2 Two-Film Model

245

(5)

10.3 Combustion of Coal

250

(3)

10.4 Combustion of Solid Propellants

253

(3)

10.5 Catalytic Reaction

256

(4)

References

260

(3)

11 Combustion Emission

263

(20)

11.1 Introduction

263

(1)

11.2 Emission of Pollutant Gases

264

(3)

11.2.1 Oxides of Nitrogen

264

(2)

11.2.2 Carbon Monoxide

266

(1)

11.2.3 Unburned Hydrocarbon Gases

267

(1)

11.2.4 Oxides of Sulfur

267

(1)

11.3 Emission of Greenhouse Gases

267

(1)

11.4 Emission of Particulate Matter

268

(1)

11.5 Abatement of Emission

269

(8)

11.5.1 Control of NOx Emission

271

(3)

11.5.2 Control of SOx Emission

274

(1)

11.5.3 Control of CO and UHC Emission

275

(1)

11.5.4 Control of Carbon Dioxide Emission

275

(1)

11.5.5 Control of Particulate Emission

276

(1)

11.6 Emission Quantification

277

(4)

References

281

(2)

12 Combustion Diagnostics

283

(18)

12.1 Overview

283

(1)

12.2 Flow Field Measurement

284

(5)

12.3 Temperature Measurement

289

(5)

12.4 Species and Concentration Measurement

294

(2)

12.5 Pressure Measurement

296

(1)

12.6 Soot Measurement

296

(3)

12.7 Droplet and Spray Measurement

299

(1)

References

300

(1)

Appendix

301

(8)

Index

309

Achintya Mukhopadhyay is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Jadavpur University, Kolkata (Calcutta), India. He also served as Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Indian Institute of Technology Madras. Dr. Mukhopadhyay also held visiting positions at Technical University of Munich where he was an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow and University of Illinois at Chicago. Dr. Mukhopadhyays teaching and research interests include thermodynamics, heat transfer, combustion, multiphase flows and design and analysis of thermal systems. Dr. Mukhopadhyay has over 275 research publications including over 100 international journal publications. Dr. Mukhopadhyay is a Fellow of the West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology and International Society for Energy, Environment and Sustainability and life member of Indian Society of Heat and Mass Transfer and Indian section of the Combustion Institute.

Swarnendu Sen is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Jadavpur University, Kolkata (Calcutta), India. Dr. Sen held visiting position at Technical University of Munich where he was a DAAD Fellow. He also held visiting positions at University of Illinois at Chicago and Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA. He worked in HCL Ltd. and Development Consultants Ltd. as graduate engineer in the area of design and analysis. His area of interest covers reacting & multiphase flow, magnetic fluid & nanofluid transport, heat transfer augmentation and combustion synthesis of carbon nano-structures. Dr. Sen has around 300 research publications including over 100 international journal publications. Dr. Sen is a Fellow of the West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology and International Society for Energy, Environment and Sustainability. He is a life member of Indian section of the Combustion Institute, Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers and Indian Society of Heat and Mass Transfer.

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