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Norton Introduction to Philosophy Second Edition [Paperback / softback]

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(University of California - Los Angeles), (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), (Apple University), (Princeton University), (Princeton University)
  • Format: Paperback / softback, 1312 pages, height x width x depth: 234x152x33 mm, weight: 1073 g
  • Pub. Date: 12-Jun-2018
  • Publisher: WW Norton & Co
  • ISBN-10: 0393624420
  • ISBN-13: 9780393624427
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  • Format: Paperback / softback, 1312 pages, height x width x depth: 234x152x33 mm, weight: 1073 g
  • Pub. Date: 12-Jun-2018
  • Publisher: WW Norton & Co
  • ISBN-10: 0393624420
  • ISBN-13: 9780393624427
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Philosophy made accessible for introductory students.

The Second Edition of this path-breaking collection gives students all the tools they need to understand and engage with major philosophical issues. Students are presented with clear yet thorough topic introductions, historical context, reading guides for challenging selections, and exclusive commissioned essays written by leading contemporary philosophers specifically for undergraduates. The Second Edition features a NEW co-author, a NEW focus on diversity within the field, and NEW readings and topics relevant to students’ lives.
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxii
Getting Started xxvii
Why Philosophy? Five Views
xxvii
A Brief Guide to Logic and Argumentation
xxxiii
Some Guidelines for Writing Philosophy Papers
li
Part I Philosophy Of Religion
1 Does God Exist?
3(60)
The Ontological Argument, from Proslogion
8(5)
Anselm Of Canterbury
Test Your Understanding
9(1)
Reader's Guide: Anselm's Ontological Argument
9(3)
Notes And Questions
12(1)
The Five Ways, From Summa Theologica
13(7)
Thomas Aquinas
Test Your Understanding
15(1)
Reader's Guide: Aquinas's Cosmological Arguments
15(3)
Notes And Questions
18(2)
The Argument From Design, From Natural Theology
20(9)
William Paley
Test Your Understanding
27(1)
Notes And Questions
27(2)
The Argument From Cosmological Fine-Tuning
29(7)
G. Roger White
Test Your Understanding
35(1)
Notes And Questions
36(1)
No Good Reason-exploring The Problem Of Evil
36(11)
Louise Antony
Test Your Understanding
45(1)
Notes And Questions
46(1)
The Problem Of Evil
47(13)
Eleonore Stump
Test Your Understanding
57(1)
Notes And Questions
58(2)
Analyzing The Arguments
60(3)
2 Is It Reasonable to Believe without Evidence?
63(70)
The Wager, From Pensees
68(6)
Blaise Pascal
Test Your Understanding
71(1)
Notes And Questions
71(3)
Pascal's Ultimate Gamble
74(11)
Alan Hajek
Test Your Understanding
84(1)
Notes And Questions
85(1)
The Ethics Of Belief
85(12)
W.K. Clifford
Test Your Understanding
95(1)
Notes And Questions
95(2)
The Will To Believe
97(10)
William James
Test Your Understanding
105(1)
Notes And Questions
106(1)
Is Belief In God Properly Basic?
107(8)
Alvin Plantinga
Test Your Understanding
114(1)
Notes And Questions
114(1)
When Is Faith Rational?
115(15)
Lara Buchak
Test Your Understanding
128(1)
Notes And Questions
128(2)
Analyzing The Arguments
130(3)
Part II Epistemology
3 What Is Knowledge?
133(26)
Meno
137(6)
Plato
Test Your Understanding
142(1)
Notes And Questions
142(1)
Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?
143(6)
Edmund Gettier
Test Your Understanding
145(1)
Reader's Guide: Gettier's Definition Of Knowledge
146(2)
Notes And Questions
148(1)
Knowledge And Belief
149(8)
Timothy Williamson
Test Your Understanding
155(1)
Notes And Questions
155(2)
Analyzing The Arguments
157(2)
4 How Can We Know about What We Have Not Observed?
159(52)
Sceptical Doubts Concerning The Operations Of The Understanding, Section IV, And Sceptical Solution Of These Doubts, Section V, From An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
166(12)
David Hume
Test Your Understanding
175(1)
Reader's Guide: Hume On Induction
175(2)
Notes And Questions
177(1)
The "Justification" Of Induction, From Introduction To Logical Theory
178(9)
P.F. Strawson
Test Your Understanding
186(1)
Notes And Questions
186(1)
The New Riddle Of Induction, From Fact, Fiction, And Forecast
187(14)
Nelson Goodman
Test Your Understanding
197(1)
Reader's Guide: Goodman's New Riddle Of Induction
197(2)
Notes And Questions
199(2)
The Inference To The Best Explanation
201(8)
Gilbert Harman
Test Your Understanding
207(1)
Notes And Questions
207(2)
Analyzing The Arguments
209(2)
5 How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?
211(48)
The Argument From Analogy, From Human Knowledge: Its Scope And Limits
217(4)
Bertrand Russell
Test Your Understanding
220(1)
Notes And Questions
221(1)
Wittgenstein And Other Minds, From Wittgenstein On Rules And Private Language
221(7)
Saul Kripke
Test Your Understanding
227(1)
Notes And Questions
227(1)
Man Seen From The Outside, From The World Of Perception
228(5)
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Test Your Understanding
232(1)
Notes And Questions
233(1)
Introspection, From A Materialist Theory Of The Mind
233(8)
D.M. Armstrong
Test Your Understanding
240(1)
Notes And Questions
241(1)
John Doe And Richard Roe
241(7)
Sarah K. Paul
Test Your Understanding
247(1)
Notes And Questions
248(1)
Skepticism About The Internal World
248(9)
Alex Byrne
Test Your Understanding
256(1)
Notes And Questions
256(1)
Analyzing The Arguments
257(2)
6 How Can We Know about the External World?
259(48)
Meditation I: What Can Be Called Into Doubt, From Meditations On First Philosophy
264(5)
Rene Descartes
Test Your Understanding
267(1)
Reader's Guide: Descartes's Meditations
267(1)
Notes And Questions
268(1)
Of Scepticism With Regard To The Senses, From A Treatise Of Human Nature
269(9)
David Hume
Test Your Understanding
276(1)
Reader's Guide: Hume On Skepticism
277(1)
Notes And Questions
278(1)
Proof Of An External World
278(6)
G.E. Moore
Test Your Understanding
283(1)
Notes And Questions
284(1)
Skepticism And Inference To The Best Explanation
284(8)
Jonathan Vogel
Test Your Understanding
291(1)
Notes And Questions
291(1)
Ignorance Of Things In Themselves
292(10)
Rae Langton
Test Your Understanding
301(1)
Notes And Questions
301(1)
Analyzing The Arguments
302(5)
Part III Metaphysics And The Philosophy Of Mind
7 Is Mind Material?
307(44)
Meditation II: The Nature Of The Human Mind, And How It Is Better Known Than The Body, And Meditation VI: ...The Real Distinction Between Mind And Body, From Meditations On First Philosophy
312(8)
Rene Descartes
Test Your Understanding
319(1)
Notes And Questions
319(1)
Correspondence With Descartes
320(1)
Elisabeth Of Bohemia
Test Your Understanding
321(1)
Notes And Questions
321(1)
Fourth Set Of Objections
321(4)
Antoine Arnauld
Test Your Understanding
324(1)
Notes And Questions
325(1)
Descartes' Myth, From The Concept Of Mind
325(8)
Gilbert Ryle
Test Your Understanding
333(1)
Notes And Questions
333(1)
Sensations And Brain Processes
333(8)
J.J.C. Smart
Test Your Understanding
341(1)
Notes And Questions
341(1)
Can Computers Think?, From Minds, Brains, And Science
341(7)
John Searle
Test Your Understanding
347(1)
Notes And Questions
347(1)
Analyzing The Arguments
348(3)
8 What Is Consciousness?
351(54)
What Is It Like To Be A Bat?
356(9)
Thomas Nagel
Test Your Understanding
365(1)
Notes And Questions
365(1)
Epiphenomenal Qualia
365(11)
Frank Jackson
Test Your Understanding
374(1)
Reader's Guide: Jackson's Knowledge Argument
374(2)
Notes And Questions
376(1)
Are Mental States Irreducible To Neurobiological States?, From Neurophilosophy: A Unified Science Of The Mind/brain
376(8)
Patricia Smith Churchland
Test Your Understanding
383(1)
Notes And Questions
383(1)
The Hard Problem Of Consciousness
384(8)
David Chalmers
Test Your Understanding
391(1)
Notes And Questions
392(1)
The Puzzle Of Transparency
392(10)
Michael Tye
Test Your Understanding
400(1)
Notes And Questions
401(1)
Analyzing The Arguments
402(3)
9 Are Things as They Appear?
405(52)
Appearance And Reality, From The Problems Of Philosophy
410(6)
Bertrand Russell
Test Your Understanding
415(1)
Notes And Questions
416(1)
Three Dialogues Between Hylas And Philonous
416(13)
George Berkeley
Test Your Understanding
428(1)
Notes And Questions
428(1)
Twenty Verses With Auto-Commentary
429(13)
Vasubandhu
Test Your Understanding
439(1)
Reader's Guide: Vasubandhu On Idealism
440(2)
Notes And Questions
442(1)
Are We Living In A Computer Simulation?
442(11)
Nick Bostrom
Test Your Understanding
451(1)
Notes And Questions
452(1)
Analyzing The Arguments
453(4)
10 What Is There?
457(42)
A Thing And Its Matter
461(6)
Stephen Yablo
Test Your Understanding
466(1)
Notes And Questions
466(1)
There Are No Ordinary Things
467(9)
Peter Unger
Test Your Understanding
473(1)
Notes And Questions
474(2)
Numbers And Other Immaterial Objects
476(9)
Gideon Rosen
Test Your Understanding
484(1)
Notes And Questions
484(1)
Do Numbers Exist?
485(9)
Penelope Maddy
Test Your Understanding
491(1)
Notes And Questions
492(2)
Analyzing The Arguments
494(5)
Part IV From Metaphysics To Ethics
11 What Is Personal Identity?
499(44)
Of Identity And Diversity, From An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
505(8)
John Locke
Test Your Understanding
512(1)
Notes And Questions
512(1)
The Dualist Theory, From Personal Identity
513(7)
Richard Swinburne
Test Your Understanding
519(1)
Notes And Questions
519(1)
Personal Identity, From Reasons And Persons
520(13)
Derek Parfit
Test Your Understanding
531(1)
Notes And Questions
532(1)
The Self And The Future
533(7)
Bernard Williams
Test Your Understanding
539(1)
Notes And Questions
539(1)
Analyzing The Arguments
540(3)
12 What Is Race? What Is Gender?
543(52)
The Uncompleted Argument: Du Bois And The Illusion Of Race
549(11)
Anthony Appiah
Test Your Understanding
559(1)
Notes And Questions
559(1)
Gender And Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them To Be?
560(11)
Sally Haslanger
Test Your Understanding
570(1)
Notes And Questions
570(1)
Are Folk Races Like Dingoes, Dimes, Or Dodos?
571(10)
Quayshawn Spencer
Test Your Understanding
579(1)
Notes And Questions
579(2)
The Metaphysics Of Gender
581(12)
Elizabeth Barnes
Test Your Understanding
590(1)
Notes And Questions
591(2)
Analyzing The Arguments
593(2)
13 Do We Possess Free Will?
595(76)
Free Will
600(10)
Galen Strawson
Test Your Understanding
609(1)
Notes And Questions
609(1)
Human Freedom And The Self
610(8)
Roderick Chisholm
Test Your Understanding
617(1)
Notes And Questions
617(1)
Freedom And Necessity
618(7)
A.J. Ayer
Test Your Understanding
624(1)
Notes And Questions
624(1)
Freedom And Resentment
625(9)
P.F. Strawson
Test Your Understanding
632(1)
Reader's Guide: Strawson On Freedom And Resentment
632(2)
Notes And Questions
634(1)
Freedom Of The Will And The Concept Of A Person
634(11)
Harry Frankfurt
Test Your Understanding
644(1)
Notes And Questions
644(1)
Sanity And The Metaphysics Of Responsibility
645(13)
Susan Wolf
Test Your Understanding
656(1)
Notes And Questions
657(1)
Why Moral Ignorance Is No Excuse
658(8)
Nomy Arpaly
Test Your Understanding
663(1)
Notes And Questions
664(2)
Analyzing The Arguments
666(5)
Part V Ethics
14 What Is The Right Thing To Do?
671(62)
Famine, Affluence, And Morality
678(7)
Peter Singer
Test Your Understanding
684(1)
Notes And Questions
684(1)
The Moral Perplexities Of Famine And World Hunger
685(11)
Onora O'Neill
Test Your Understanding
695(1)
Notes And Questions
696(1)
A Defense Of Abortion
696(10)
Judith Jarvis Thomson
Test Your Understanding
704(1)
Notes And Questions
705(1)
Why Abortion Is Immoral
706(8)
Don Marquis
Test Your Understanding
712(1)
Notes And Questions
713(1)
The Moral Significance Of Animal Pain And Animal Death
714(9)
Elizabeth Harman
Test Your Understanding
721(1)
Notes And Questions
722(1)
Eating Meat And Eating People
723(8)
Cora Diamond
Test Your Understanding
729(1)
Notes And Questions
730(1)
Analyzing The Arguments
731(2)
15 Do Your Intentions Matter?
733(51)
Mr Truman's Degree
738(8)
G.E.M. Anscombe
Test Your Understanding
745(1)
Notes And Questions
745(1)
When Do Intentions Matter To Permissibility?
746(8)
Thomas M. Scanlon
Test Your Understanding
753(1)
Notes And Questions
754(1)
Impermissibility And Wrongness
754(9)
Barbara Herman
Test Your Understanding
762(1)
Notes And Questions
763(1)
Culture, Responsibility, And Affected Ignorance
763(9)
Michele M. Moody-Adams
Test Your Understanding
771(1)
Notes And Questions
772(1)
Implicit Bias, Moral Agency, And Moral Responsibility
772(10)
Angela M. Smith
Test Your Understanding
779(1)
Notes And Questions
780(2)
Analyzing The Arguments
782(2)
16 Which Moral Theory Is Correct?
784(60)
Utilitarianism
790(10)
John Stuart Mill
Test Your Understanding
798(1)
Notes And Questions
799(1)
Groundwork Of The Metaphysics Of Morals
800(13)
Immanuel Kant
Test Your Understanding
810(1)
Reader's Guide: Kant's Moral Theory
811(1)
Notes And Questions
812(1)
Nicomachean Ethics
813(11)
Aristotle
Test Your Understanding
822(1)
Notes And Questions
823(1)
Virtue Ethics
824(7)
Rosalind Hursthouse
Test Your Understanding
830(1)
Notes And Questions
830(1)
On The Genealogy Of Morals, Beyond Good And Evil, And The Gay Science
831(11)
Friedrich Nietzsche
Test Your Understanding
840(1)
Notes And Questions
840(2)
Analyzing The Arguments
842(2)
17 Is Morality Objective?
844(80)
The Subjectivity Of Values, From Ethics: Inventing Right And Wrong
850(10)
J.L. Mackie
Test Your Understanding
857(1)
Notes And Questions
858(2)
Moral Subjectivism
860(10)
R. Jay Wallace
Test Your Understanding
868(1)
Notes And Questions
869(1)
Ethics, From The Last Word
870(9)
Thomas Nagel
Test Your Understanding
878(1)
Notes And Questions
878(1)
The Divine Command Theory
879(16)
Philip L. Quinn
Test Your Understanding
892(1)
Reader's Guide: Quinn's Divine Intention Theory
893(1)
Notes And Questions
894(1)
Is It Reasonable To "Rely On Intuitions" In Ethics?
895(9)
Elizabeth Harman
Test Your Understanding
903(1)
Notes And Questions
903(1)
Does Anything Really Matter Or Did We Just Evolve To Think So?
904(10)
Sharon Street
Test Your Understanding
912(1)
Notes And Questions
913(1)
What Is Weird About Moral Deference?
914(9)
Sarah McGrath
Test Your Understanding
920(1)
Notes And Questions
920(3)
Analyzing The Arguments
923(1)
18 Why Do What Is Right?
924(49)
The Republic
929(7)
Plato
Test Your Understanding
935(1)
Notes And Questions
935(1)
Why Ought We Do What Is Right?
936(10)
Judith Jarvis Thomson
Test Your Understanding
944(1)
Notes And Questions
945(1)
Of The Passions, And Of Morals, From A Treatise Of Human Nature; Why Utility Pleases, From An Enquiry Concerning The Principles Of Morals
946(13)
David Hume
Test Your Understanding
956(1)
Reader's Guide: Hume On Moral Motivation
956(2)
Notes And Questions
958(1)
Groundwork Of The Metaphysics Of Morals
959(12)
Immanuel Kant
Test Your Understanding
968(1)
Reader's Guide: Kant On Moral Motivation
968(2)
Notes And Questions
970(1)
Analyzing The Arguments
971(2)
19 What Is The Meaning Of Life?
973(48)
The Meaning Of Life
976(8)
Richard Taylor
Test Your Understanding
982(1)
Notes And Questions
983(1)
Meaning In Life And Why It Matters
984(12)
Susan Wolf
Test Your Understanding
995(1)
Notes And Questions
995(1)
The Absurd
996(10)
Thomas Nagel
Test Your Understanding
1005(1)
Notes And Questions
1005(1)
Death And The Afterlife
1006(11)
Samuel Scheffler
Test Your Understanding
1015(1)
Notes And Questions
1015(2)
Analyzing The Arguments
1017(4)
Part VI Political Philosophy
20 How Can The State Be Justified?
1021(56)
Politics
1028(8)
Aristotle
Test Your Understanding
1035(1)
Notes And Questions
1035(1)
Leviathan
1036(10)
Thomas Hobbes
Test Your Understanding
1043(1)
Reader's Guide: Hobbes's State Of Nature
1044(1)
Notes And Questions
1045(1)
The Social Contract
1046(11)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Test Your Understanding
1054(1)
Reader's Guide: Rousseau's Solution To The Fundamental Problem
1054(2)
Notes And Questions
1056(1)
Rights-Based Justifications For The State
1057(9)
A. John Simmons
Test Your Understanding
1065(1)
Notes And Questions
1065(1)
The Racial Contract
1066(10)
Charles Mills
Test Your Understanding
1074(1)
Notes And Questions
1074(2)
Analyzing The Arguments
1076(1)
21 What Is The Value Of Liberty?
1077(42)
A Letter Concerning Toleration
1083(3)
John Locke
Test Your Understanding
1085(1)
Notes And Questions
1086(1)
On Liberty
1086(11)
John Stuart Mill
Test Your Understanding
1094(1)
Reader's Guide: Mill On Liberty
1094(2)
Notes And Questions
1096(1)
Morals And The Criminal Law
1097(9)
Patrick Devlin
Test Your Understanding
1103(1)
Reader's Guide: Devlin On Enforcing Morals
1103(3)
Notes And Questions
1106(1)
Elements Of A Theory Of Human Rights
1106(11)
Amartya Sen
Test Your Understanding
1115(1)
Notes And Questions
1115(2)
Analyzing The Arguments
1117(2)
22 Does Justice Require Equality?
1119
Two Principles Of Justice, From A Theory Of Justice
1125(11)
John Rawls
Test Your Understanding
1133(1)
Notes And Questions
1134(2)
Equality As A Moral Ideal
1136(10)
Harry Frankfurt
Test Your Understanding
1143(1)
Notes And Questions
1144(2)
Political Equality
1146(9)
Martha Nussbaum
Test Your Understanding
1154(1)
Notes And Questions
1155(1)
Distributive Justice, From Anarchy, State, And Utopia
1155(10)
Robert Nozick
Test Your Understanding
1163(1)
Notes And Questions
1163(2)
Is Multiculturalism Bad For Women?
1165(9)
Susan Moller Okin
Test Your Understanding
1173(1)
Notes And Questions
1173(1)
Analyzing The Arguments
1174
Answers to Test Your Understanding A-1
Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Name Index I-1
Gideon Rosen is Stuart Professor of Philosophy at Princeton University. He is the author (with John P. Burgess) of A Subject With No Object (1997) and numerous essays in metaphysics, moral philosophy, and the philosophy of mathematics. Alex Byrne is Professor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is co-editor, with David R. Hilbert, of Readings on Color, vols. 1 and 2 (1997) and, with Heather Logue, Disjunctivism (2008). He is currently completing a book on self-knowledge. Joshua Cohen is a faculty member at Apple University, and has taught at MIT (1977-2006) and Stanford (2006-2014). He is the author, co-author, or editor of more than 25 books. His most recent books are Philosophy, Politics, Democracy (2009); The Arc of the Moral Universe (2011); and Rousseau: A Free Community of Equals (2012). Since 1991, Cohen has been editor of Boston Review. Elizabeth Harman is Laurance S. Rockefeller Professor of Philosophy and Human Values at Princeton University. She is the author of Morally Permissible Moral Mistakes (Ethics), The Irrelevance of Moral Uncertainty" (Oxford Studies in Metaethics), Creation Ethics: The Moral Status of Early Fetuses and the Ethics of Abortion (Philosophy and Public Affairs), and other essays in moral philosophy. Seana Valentine Shiffrin is Professor of Philosophy and Pete Kameron Professor of Law and Social Justice at UCLA. She is the author of Speech Matters: On Lying, Morality, and the Law (2014), an associate editor of Philosophy and Public Affairs, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.